Circuit Theory
(ECEG-1081)
Addis Ababa University
Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT)
School of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Instructor: Awraris Getachew
Chapter Six
AC Power Analysis
Outlines
• Instantaneous and Average Power
• Maximum Average Power Transfer
• Effective or RMS Value
• Apparent Power and Power Factor
• Complex Power
• Power Factor Correction
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Instantaneous and Average Power
The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at
any instant of time
The instantaneously power, ,
p (t ) v(t ) i (t ) Vm I m cos ( t v ) cos ( t i )
1 1
Vm I m cos ( v i ) Vm I m cos (2 t v i )
2 2
Constant power Sinusoidal power at 2wt
p(t) > 0: power is absorbed by the circuit; p(t) < 0: power is 3
Instantaneous and Average Power
The average power, P in watt, is the average of the
instantaneous power over one period.
1 T 1
P
T 0
p (t ) dt Vm I m cos ( v i )
2
1. P is not time dependent.
2. When θv = θi , it is a purely
resistive load case.
3. When θv– θi = ±90o, it is a
purely reactive load case.
4. P = 0 means that the circuit
absorbs no average power.
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Instantaneous and Average Power
Example 1
Calculate the instantaneous power and average
power absorbed by a passive linear network if:
v(t ) 80 cos (10 t 20)
i (t ) 15 sin (10 t 60)
Answer: 385.7 600cos(20t 10)W, 385.7W
5
Instantaneous and Average Power
Example 2
A current I 10 30 flows through an impedance
Z 20 22Ω Find the average power delivered to
the impedance.
Answer: 927.2W
6
Instantaneous and Average Power
Example 3
In the circuit shown below, calculate the average
power absorbed by the resistor and inductor. Find
the average power supplied by the voltage
source.
Answer: 3.84 kW, 0 W, 3.84 kW
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Maximum Average Power Transfer
ZTH R TH j X TH
ZL R L j X L
The maximum average power
can be transferred to the load if
XL = –XTH and RL = RTH
2
VTH
Pmax
8 R TH
∗
𝑍
𝐿 = 𝑅 𝐿 + 𝑗 𝑋 𝐿 = 𝑅𝑇h − 𝑗 𝑋 𝑇h =𝑍 𝑇h
Maximum average power transfer, the load impedance must be equal to the
For
complex conjugate of the Thevenin impedance
If the load is purely real, then RL 2
R TH X TH
2
ZTH
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Instantaneous and Average Power
Example 4
For the circuit shown below, find the load impedance ZL that
absorbs the maximum average power. Calculate that
maximum average power.
Answer: 3.415 – j0.7317W, 1.429W
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Effective or RMS Value
The total power dissipated by R is given by:
1 T R T 2
P i Rdt i dt I eff2 R
2
T 0 T 0
while the power absorbed by the resistor in the dc
circuit is
T
1
Hence, Ieff is equal to: I eff
T
0
i 2 dt I rms
The rms value is a constant itself which
depending on the shape of the function i(t).
The effective of a periodic current is the dc current that delivers the same
average power to a resistor as the periodic current.
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Effective or RMS Value
The
rms value of a sinusoid is given by:
Im
I rms=
√2
The average power can be written in terms of
the rms values:
•
The average power absorbed by a resistor becomes:
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Apparent Power and Power Factor
Apparent Power, S, is the product of the r.m.s. values of
voltage and current.
It is measured in volt-amperes or VA to distinguish it from the
average or real power which is measured in watts.
P Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) S cos (θ v θ i )
Apparent Power, S Power Factor, pf
Power factor is the cosine of the phase difference between the
voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the angle of the
load impedance.
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Apparent Power and Power Factor
Purely resistive θv– θi = 0, Pf = 1 P/S = 1, all power are
load (R) consumed
Purely reactive θv– θi = ±90o, pf P = 0, no real power
load (L or C) consumption
=0
Resistive and θv– θi > 0 • Lagging p.f - inductive
reactive load load
(R and L/C)
θv– θi < 0 • Leading p.f - capacitive
load
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Apparent Power and Power Factor
Calculate the power factor of the entire circuit of the given
figure as seen by the source. What is the average power
supplied by the source?
Answer: 0.936 lagging, 1.062 kW
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Complex Power
Complex power S is the product of the voltage and the
complex conjugate of the current:
V Vm θ v I I m θ i
1
S V I Vrms I rms θ v θ i
2
S=
𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼 ∗𝑟𝑚𝑠
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Complex Power
. 1
S V I Vrms I rms θ v θ i
2
S Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i )
S = P + j Q
•
The magnitude of the complex power is the apparent power;
hence, the complex power is measured in volt-amperes (VA)
• The complex power may be expressed in terms of the load
impedance
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Complex Power
S Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i )
S = P + j Q
P: is the average power in watts delivered to a load and it is
the only useful power.
Q: is the reactive power exchange between the source and
the reactive part of the load. It is measured in VAR.
•Q = 0 for resistive loads (unity pf).
•Q < 0 for capacitive loads (leading pf).
•Q > 0 for inductive loads (lagging pf).
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Complex Power
S Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i )
S = P + j Q
Apparent Power, S = |S| = Vrms*Irms = P Q
2 2
Real power, P = Re(S) = S cos(θv – θi)
Reactive Power, Q = Im(S) = S sin(θv – θi)
Power factor, pf = P/S = cos(θv – θi)
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Complex Power
It is a standard practice to represent S, P, and Q in
the form of a triangle, known as the power triangle,
shown in the figure below
S Vrms I rms cos (θ v θ i ) j Vrms I rms sin (θ v θ i )
S = P + j Q
Power Triangle Impedance Triangle
Power Factor
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Complex Power
For
a load, Determine: (a) the complex
and apparent powers, (b) the real and reactive powers, and
(c) the power factor and the load impedance.
Answers:
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Power Factor Correction
• Power factor correction is the process of increasing the
power factor of the power supply.
• Power factor correction is necessary for economic reason.
21
Power Factor Correction
Q c = Q 1 – Q2
= P (tan θ1 - tan θ2)
= ωCV2rms
Q1 = S1 sin θ1 Qc P (tan θ1 tan θ 2 )
C 2
2
= P tan θ1 ωVrms ω Vrms
Q2 = P tan θ2
P = S1 cos θ1 22
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Thank
You!!!
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