Methods of data presentation

Three methods of data presentation

Numerical presentation- frequency table
Graphical presentation- graphs
Mathematical presentation-mean,
median, mode, range, SD, variance,
 1- Numerical presentation

Tabular presentation (simple – complex)

Simple frequency distribution Table (S.F.D.T.)
Title
Name of variable
Frequency %
(Units of variable)
-
- Categories
-
Total
 Class Exercise
• Prepare the data from the class and create the
frequency table
1. Age
2. Sex
3. Blood group
 Table (I): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical
department of one hospital in May 2008 according to their
ABO blood groups

Blood group Frequency %

A 12 24
B 18 36
AB 5 10
O 15 30
Total 50 100
 Table (II): Distribution of 50 patients at the surgical
department of one hospital in May 2008 according to their
age

Age Frequency %
(years)
20-<30 12 24
30- 18 36
40- 5 10
50+ 15 30
Total 50 100
 Complex frequency distribution Table

Table (IV): Distribution of 60 according to smoking & lung cancer

Lung cancer
Total
Smoking positive negative
No. % No. % No. %
Smoker 15 65.2 8 34.8 23 100
Non
smoker 5 13.5 32 86.5 37 100

Total 20 33.3 40 66.7 60 100

 2- Graphical presentation
 Graphs drawn using Cartesian coordinates

• Line graph
• Frequency polygon
• Frequency curve
• Histogram
• Bar graph
• Scatter plot

 Pie chart

 Statistical maps rules

 Line Graph

MMR/1000 Year MMR

60 1960 50
50
40 1970 45
30 1980 26
20
1990 15
10
0 2000 12
Year
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Figure (1): Maternal mortality rate of (country),

1960-2000
 Frequency polygon

Age Sex Mid-point of interval

(years) Males Females

20 - 3 (12%) 2 (10%) (20+30) / 2 = 25

30 - 9 (36%) 6 (30%) (30+40) / 2 = 35
40- 7 (8%) 5 (25%) (40+50) / 2 = 45
50 - 4 (16%) 3 (15%) (50+60) / 2 = 55
60 - 70 2 (8%) 4 (20%) (60+70) / 2 = 65
Total 25(100%) 20(100%)
 Sex
Age M-P
M F
Frequency polygon 20- (12%) (10%) 25
Males Females 30- (36%) (30%) 35
%
40- (8%) (25%) 45
40
50- (16%) (15%) 55
35
60-70 (8%) (20%) 65
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Age
25 35 45 55 65

Figure (2): Distribution of 45 patients at (place) , in (time)

by age and sex
 Frequency curve

8 Female

7 Male

6
Frequency

5
4

0
20- 30- 40- 50- 60-69
Age in ye ars
 Histogram
• For continuous variables like age
 Distribution of a group of cholera patients by age

Histogram Age (years)

25-
Frequency
3
%
14.3
30- 5 23.8
40- 7 33.3
45- 4 19.0
% 35 60-65 2 9.5
Total 21 100
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0 25 30 40 45 60 65
Age (years)
Figure (2): Distribution of 100 cholera patients at (place) , in (time)
by age
 Bar chart
%
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status
 Bar chart
%
50
Male
40 Female

30
20
10
0
Single Married Divorced Widowed
Marital status
 Bar charts
120

100

80

%
60 frequency

40

20

0
a b c d total
 Pie chart

Deletion
Inversion
3%
18%

Translocation
79%
Doughnut chart

Hospital B

DM
Hospital A IHD
Renal
 Graphs
• Both SPSS and EXCEL can be used to create the
graphs
 Bar graph
120

100
100

80

60 Frequency
%
50

40 36
30
24
20 18
15
12
10
5

0
A B AB O Total
 Bar graph
160

140

120

100 100

80 %
Frequency

60

40
36
30
24 50
20

18 10 15
12
0 5
A B AB O Total
 Bar graph

100 100

90

80

70

60

50 36
Frequency
40 24 50 %
30
30

20 18 10
12
10
15
0 5

A %
B
AB
Frequency
O
Total
 Line
120

100 100

80

60 Frequency
%
50

40
36
30
24
20
18
15
12
10
5
0
A B AB O Total
 Line
120

100 100

80

60 Frequency
%
50

40
36
30
24
20
18
15
12
10
5
0
A B AB O Total
 Line

100
100
90

80

70

60

50
Frequency
40 36
%
24
30
50
30
20

10 12 18 10

0
A 15
5 %
B
AB
Frequency
O
Total
 Pie
12

18
A
B
50 AB
O
Total

15
Pie

A
B
AB
O
 Pie

24%
30%
A B AB O

10%

36%
 Pie

24%

30%

A
B
AB
O

10%

36%
 Area

40 Frequency
20 12 %
0
A

18 %

5
AB Frequency

15

O
 Scatter
40

35

30

25

20 Frequency
18 %

15 15

12
10

5 5

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
 Rader
A

40

20

12

15 18 Frequency
O 0 B
5 %

AB
 3-Mathematical presentation
Summery statistics

Measures of location
1- Measures of central tendency
2- Measures of non central locations
(Quartiles, Percentiles )
Measures of dispersion
Summery statistics
1- Measures of central tendency (averages)

Midrange
Smallest observation + Largest observation
2

Mode
the value which occurs with the greatest
frequency i.e. the most common value
Summery statistics
1- Measures of central tendency (cont.)

Median
the observation which lies in the middle of the
ordered observation.

Arithmetic mean (mean)

Sum of all observations
Number of observations
 Measures of dispersion
Range
Variance
Standard déviation
Semi-interquartile range
Coefficient of variation

“Standard error”
 Standard deviation SD
7 8
7 7
7 77
7 77
6 3 2
7
7 8 13
Mean = 7 9
Mean = 7 SD=0.63
SD=0
Mean = 7
SD=4.04
 Standard error of mean SE
A measure of variability among means of samples
selected from certain population (mean1, mean2,
mean3 etc)
S
SE (Mean) = n
Exercise
1. standard deviation is 4.5 and the
sample size is 16 calculate the
standard error
2. the standard deviation and
standard error are 6 and 1.5
respectively. Calculate sample size for
this data
 Frequency distributions

• Absolute frequency distribution

• Relative frequency distribution
• Cumulative frequency distribution
 Frequency distributions
Absolute frequency distribution
the number of values falling with in particular class
interval
Age of the students Frequency
20-29 15
30-39 10
40-49 5
Total 30
 Frequency distributions
• Relative frequency
• Proportion of the values in relation to total
frequencies /values
Age of the students in frequency Relative frequency
the class
20-29 15 0.5
30-39 10 0.33
40-49 5 0.17
Total 30 1.00
 Frequency distributions
Cumulative Frequency- helps to find the total
frequencies
Age of the frequency Cumulative Relative
students in frequency frequency
the class
20-29 15 15 0.5
30-39 10 25 0.33
40-49 5 30 0.17
Total 30 1.00
 Frequency distributions
• Cumulative relative frequency

Age of the Cumulativ Relative Cumulativ %

students frequency e frequency e relative
in the frequency frequency
class
20-29 15 15 0.5 0.5 50
30-39 10 25 0.33 0.83 83
40-49 5 30 0.17 1.00 100
Total 30 1.00
 Frequency table
• example
Blood group Frequency %
A 12 24
B 18 36
AB 5 10
O 15 30
Total 50 100
 Frequency distributions
Exercise 2
• Take grades of the students in the class A, B, C, etc
and create a frequency table indicating frequency,
relative frequency, cumulative frequency, percent for
each frequency
• Give interpretation for your data