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Hillside School: Biology For Grade 12 Note 2 Topic: The Structure and Function of Bacterial Cell

The document summarizes the structure and function of bacterial cells. It describes that bacteria have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA. Some bacteria also have additional structures like capsules, flagella, and fimbriae. The cell wall provides shape and protects the cell membrane. The cell membrane is semipermeable and houses enzymes. Bacteria do not have a nucleus but DNA is in a loop in the cytoplasm along with ribosomes and possible plasmids. Bacteria come in different shapes like cocci, bacilli, and spirilla.

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50 views8 pages

Hillside School: Biology For Grade 12 Note 2 Topic: The Structure and Function of Bacterial Cell

The document summarizes the structure and function of bacterial cells. It describes that bacteria have a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA. Some bacteria also have additional structures like capsules, flagella, and fimbriae. The cell wall provides shape and protects the cell membrane. The cell membrane is semipermeable and houses enzymes. Bacteria do not have a nucleus but DNA is in a loop in the cytoplasm along with ribosomes and possible plasmids. Bacteria come in different shapes like cocci, bacilli, and spirilla.

Uploaded by

oli Jr
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HILLSIDE SCHOOL

BIOLOGY FOR GRADE 12


NOTE 2
TOPIC: THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF
BACTERIAL CELL

PREPARED BY: BIRUK SHEWAREGA


2020/21 ACADEMIC YEAR
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BACTERIAL CELL

OBJECTIVE: At the end of the lesson the students


will be able to describe the structure of bacteria.
 All bacteria do have a cell wall, a cell membrane,

cytoplasm, ribosomes and DNA.


The appendages of bacterial cellular structure

 Capsule: Some bacteria produce a protective


gelatinous covering layer called a capsule outside
the cell wall.
 Flagella: Some bacteria carry external filamentous
appendages protruding from the cell wall; flagella,
which are organs of locomotion
 Fimbriae/pilli: are structures which are involved in
the transfer of genetic material and are organs of
adhesion
The outer part of the bacterial structure
 Cell Wall: the layer that lies just outside the plasma
membrane.
Functions of the cell wall:
1. To impart shape and rigidity to the cell.
2. It supports the weak cytoplasmic membrane against the high
internal osmotic pressure of the protoplasm
3. Maintains the characteristic shape of the bacterium.
4. It takes part in cell division.
5. Also functions in interactions (e.g. adhesion) with other
bacteria and with mammalian cells.
6. Provide specific protein and carbohydrate receptors for the
attachment of some bacterial viruses
The outer part of the bacterial structure

• Cytoplasmic (Plasma) membrane: limits the bacterial


protoplast. It is a typical “unit membrane”, composed of
phospholipids and proteins.
Functions of Cytoplasmic Membrane
i. Semipermeable membrane—controlling the in­flow and
outflow of metabolites to and from the protoplasm.
ii. Housing enzymes—involved in outer membrane synthesis,
cell wall synthesis, and in the assembly and secretion of extra
cytoplasmic and extracellu­lar substances.
iii. Housing many sensory and chemotaxis proteins that
monitor chemical and physical changes in the environment.
iv. Generation of chemical energy (i.e., ATP).
Bacterial cell interior
 Bacteria do not have true nucleus separated from the rest of
the cell by a membrane.
 Instead, the DNA of the bacterium forms a continuous loop
that is intermingled with the cytoplasm.
1. Cytoplasm - The cytoplasm of the bacterial cell is a viscous
watery solution or soft gel, containing a variety of organic or
inorganic solutes, and numerous ribosomes.
• The cytoplasm of bacteria differs from eukaryotic organisms
as they do not contain an endoplasmic reticulum,
mitochondria and lysosomes.
2. Ribosomes- are the location for all bacterial protein
synthesis.
3. Plasmids - are extra nuclear genetic elements in the
cytoplasm consisting of DNA.
Shape of bacteria
 Bacteria are diverse- they have different shapes,
habitat and significance
 According to their shapes we can classify bacteria
as
 Cocci(coccus)- bacteria with round shape
 Bacilli(bacillus)- bacteria with rod shape
 Spirochetes- spiral shaped
 Vibrio- comma shaped
Shape of bacteria

(a) cocci, or spherical; (b) bacilli, or rod-shaped; and (c) spirilla, or spiral-shaped.

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