Carbon Compound

Hydrocarbon
Organic Compounds
 Organic Compounds
Chemistry of Carbon (H, O, N, S, Halogens, and P).
H: 0.9%
Ti: 0.6%
Others: 0.9%

C one of the 116 elements

Why it’s turn black? Burnt toast
 It’s carbon
Burning of paper will produce black
substances.
What is the black substances?
Boiling water, can you detect
any black substances?
1.Carbon compounds are compounds that
contain the …carbon.. element.
These compounds can be classified into two
groups :
a. Organic compounds
b. Inorganic compounds
2.Organic compounds  carbon compounds
that are obtained from ……living thing…….
(plants and animals) such as sugar/glucose
(C6H12O6), starch, protein, vitamin, enzyme etc.
 Organic Compounds

Isolation from nature (animal and plant)

(extract-isolate-purify)
Obtained by:
Synthesis in lab

Organic compounds: 10 million

Inorganic compound: 1.7 million

Compounds in living systems are organic: Biochemistry
 Organic Compounds
First organic compound that is synthesized in lab.

Wöhler (1828)
O
heat
NH4 Cl + AgNCO H2 N-C-NH2 + AgCl
Ammonium Silver Urea Silver
chloride cyanate chloride
Simple Sugar

C6H1206
Burnt sugar produce black substances
Protein

Burnt egg
Structural formula of protein
Burnt protein also produce black substances
Complex sugar
3.Inorganic compounds  carbon
compounds that are usually do not
contain carbon to carbon bonds such as
carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide
(CO2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) etc.
4.Most organic compounds contain the
element …carbon . and …hydrogen….
Complete combustion of organic compounds
produces carbon dioxide and water
 Inorganic Compound

CO2

Calcium carbonate CaCO3

Do not contain carbon to carbon bonds

Activity 1:-

Complete the mind map below:

Carbon compound

Organic Inorganic

Hydrocarbon Non- hydrocarbon

Alkane Alkene Alcohol Carboxylic Ester

acid
2. Group these following carbon compounds into
organic compounds and inorganic compounds.
Name Formula Name Formula
Calcium CaCO3 Potassium KCN
carbonate cyanide
Urea (NH2)2CO Amino acid NH2CH(CH3)COOH
Carbon CO2 Methane CH4
dioxide
Glucose C6H12O6 Butanol C4H9OH
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH Sodium NaHCO3
bicarbonate

Organic Compounds Inorganic Compounds

 Carbon
• Carbon has four valence electrons; hydrogen has
one.
•
• C • H•
•

• To obtain an octet, carbon forms four bonds.

H
H H
••
HC H H C H CH4 , methane
••
H H
 Hydrocarbon
1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that
contain only carbon, C and hydrogen, H.
Hydrocarbons are classified into two groups :
Saturated hydrocarbons  contain only single
covalent bonds between carbon atoms.
Example :
Single covalent bonds between carbon atoms
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon  contains at least
one double or triple covalent bond between
carbon atoms.
Example :

Double covalent bond

between carbon atoms Triple covalent bond
between carbon atoms
3.The main source of hydrocarbons is
petroleum
…………………. It is formed as a result of
decomposition of plants and animals that died
million years ago.
How Petroleum formed?
Petroleum is
unrenewed energy!!
 Soil
High pressure and
temperature

Origin from
animal and
plant
How Petroleum formed?
 Petroleum
4.…………………. is a mixture of different
molecular size hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons
Fractional distillation
can be separated using ………………………………
of petroleum at different temperature in an oil
refinery. This process separates hydrocarbons with
different molecular size depends on the boiling
points of the hydrocarbons. ( eg : petroleum gas,
petrol, naphta, kerosene, diesel, lubricating oil and
diesel).
 ALKANE
•It is classified as saturated hydrocarbons. (A
saturated hydrocarbon contains only single
covalent bonds between carbon atoms).
•Alkanes are hydrocarbons with the general
formula :

CnH2n + 2 where n = 1, 2, 3, ……, ∞

Each carbon atom is bonded to four other

atoms by single covalent bonds that is C –
C.
 Covalent Bond
• Involves sharing of electron between non-
metal and non-metal element.
• Each of this atom of element have to achieve
stable duplet or octet electron arrangement
 Cl Cl

chlorine Atom Chlorine Atom

2, 8, 7 2, 8, 7

Do not achieve stable electron arrangement

 Cl Cl

chlorine Atom chlorine Atom

2, 8, 7 2, 8, 7

Do not achieve stable electron arrangement

 Cl Cl

chlorine Atom chlorine Atom

2, 8, 7 2, 8, 7

Do not achieve stable electron arrangement

 Cl Cl

2, 8, 8 2, 8, 8

Molecule chlorine

Achieve stable electron arrangement

Cl Cl
Cl Cl

Cl2
 H

Atom hydrogen
1

Atom carbon
2, 4
 H

Atom hydrogen
1

Atom carbon
2, 4
 H

Atom hydrogen
1

Atom carbon
2, 4
 Atom hydrogen
Electron arrangement
:2 H

Atom carbon
Electron
arrangement: 2, 5
 Atom hydrogen
Electron arrangement
:2 H

H
C

Atom carbon
Electron
arrangement : 2, 5
 Atom hydrogen
Electron arrangement
:2 H

H
C

Atom carbon
Electron
arrangement : 2, 5
Atom hydrogen
Electron arrangement
:2

H C

Atom carbon
Electron
arrangement : 2, 6
Atom hydrogen
Electron arrangement
:2

H
H C

Atom carbon
Electron
arrangement : 2, 6
Atom hydrogen
Electron arrangement
:2

H C H

Atom carbon
Electron
arrangement : 2, 7
Atom hydrogen
Electron arrangement
:2

H C H

Atom carbon
Electron
arrangement : 2, 7
Atom hydrogen
Electron arrangement
:2

H C H

Atom carbon
Electron
arrangement : 2, 7 H
 Atom hydrogen
Electron arrangement
:2

H C H

Atom carbon H
Electron
arrangement : 2, 8
 H

H C H H C H

H
H
 H

H C H

H
 H

H C H

H
 H

H C H

CH4

Methane
Activity 2 :-
Draw the structural formula for ethane, C2H6 ; propane,
C3H8 ; butane, C4H10 ;
pentane, C5H12 ; hexane, C6H14 and heptane, C7H16.

propane, C3H8
Naming of Alkanes
•The names of straight chain alkanes (all the carbon atoms are
joined in a continuous chain) are made up of two component parts :
•Stem / root
(i)indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest
continuous carbon chain.
The names of stems for the first ten straight alkanes are :
•Suffix / ending
(i)indicates the group (homologous series) of the compound.
(ii)For alkane, the suffix is ‘ane’ because it belongs to the alkane
group.

Number of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
carbon atom
Stem Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec
 Complete the table below :
Activity 3 :-
Number
of Molecular
Name of
carbon Formula, Structural Formula
alkane
atoms, CnH2n+2
n
1 CH4 methane
2 C2H6 ethane
3 C3H8 propane
4 C4H10 butane
5 C5H12 pentane
6 C6H14 hexane
7 C7H16 heptane
8 C8H18 octane
9 C9H20 nonane
10 C10H22 decane
Physical properties of alkanes
a) Alkanes are molecular compounds (covalent compound) which
consist of molecules.
The atoms in the molecules are bonded together by a strong
covalent bond.
These molecules are held together by weak van der Waals
forces (intermolecular forces).

Covalent bond //
Intramolecular force
Hydrogen atom

van der Waals Carbon atom

force //
Intermolecular force
Methane
molecule
b) Alkanes have physical properties similar
to other covalent compounds.
Alkanes are insoluble in water but
dissolve in organic solvents, cannot
conduct electricity, low melting and
boiling points and less dense than
water.
Activity 4 :-
Complete the following table :

Physical state
Molar Melting Boiling at room
Name of Molecular
mass/ g
members Formula
mol-1 point/C point/C temperature
25C
Methane CH4 16 -182 -162
Ethane 30 -183 -89
Propane 44 -188 -42
Butane C4H10 58 -138 -0.5
Pentane 72 -130 36
Hexane 86 -95 69
Heptane 100 -91 98
Octane C8H18 114 -57 126
Nonane -54 153
Decane -30 174
Propane

Room temperature 25°C

Gas

Boiling point
-42°C

Liquid

Melting point -188°C

solid
Hexane

Gas

Boiling point
69°C

Liquid 25°C Room temperature

Melting point -95°C

solid
 four
The first ………. members of alkanes exist as
………….
Gas at room temperature. Pentane to
decane are ………………. Liquid
As the number of carbon atoms in a molecule of
alkane increases : Increases
• The molecular size of alkane ……………….,
the intermolecular forces becomes
……………….,
stronger more ……………….
Heat energy is
overcome
needed to ………………. this forces, the
melting and boiling points ……………….
Increases
• The viscosity and density of alkane
Increases
……………….
• The alkane become ……………….difficult
to ignite.
Chemical properties of alkanes
a. Alkanes only have single covalent bonds, C – C
and C – H . They are saturated hydrocarbon and
chemically not reactive.
b. Two chemical reactions of alkanes are :
I : Combustion Reaction
•Alkanes undergo complete combustion in the
presence of sufficient/excess oxygen to form carbon
dioxide and water only.

Alkane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

Activity 5 :-
Balance the equations :
Tips! (Balancing the
i. CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H 2O equations)
Step 1 : Balance C
Step 2 : Balance H
Step 3 : Balance O
ii. C2H6 + O2 → CO2 + H 2O (can use friction)

iii. C3H8 + O2 → CO2 + H2O

•Alkanes undergo incomplete combustion when
there is insufficient oxygen to form carbon dioxide
gas, carbon monoxide gas, carbon (in the form of
soot) and water.
Example :
2CH4 + 3O2 → C + CO2 + 4H2O

or
2CH4 + 3O2  2C + 2CO + 2CO2 + 12H2O

•When alkanes are burnt, large quantities of heat

energy are released. This makes alkanes suitable for
use as a fuel.

II : Substitution Reaction
•Occurs when an alkane is mixed with a halogen in
the presence of sunlight (ultraviolet light, u.v).
•In this reaction, each hydrogen atoms in the alkane
molecule are substituted one by one by halogen
atoms.
 Example : Ultraviolet ray

CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl

(methane) (chloromethane)
Ultraviolet ray
CH3Cl + Cl2 CH2Cl2 + HCl
(dichloromethane)
Ultraviolet ray
CH2Cl2 + Cl2 + HCl
(trichloromethane)

Ultraviolet ray
CHCl3 + Cl2 + HCl
( tetrachloromethane)
 Ultraviolet ray

+ Cl-Cl
Substitution
 Uses of methane
The uses of methane in everyday life :
• Methane is the major component in
natural gas (gas found together with
petroleum).
• Methane gas is produced when waste
organic matter decompose in the
absence of oxygen. As methane is a
combustible gas, it can cause fire in
landfills and pit swamps.