Thermodynamics

LEABE Review 2021

ENGR. RENEL M. ALUCIJA

The first law of
thermodynamics
 is an expression of the
conservation of energy
principle.
 Energy can cross the
boundaries of a closed system
in the form of heat or work.
 Energy transfer across a
system boundary due solely to
the temperature difference
between a system and its
surroundings is called heat.
Closed System First Law
●
For the closed system shown above, the
conservation of energy principle or the first
law of thermodynamics is expressed as

●
Total energy entering the system - Total
energy leaving the system = The change in
total energy of the system
Closed System First Law

 The total energy of the

system, Esystem

 E = Internal energy + Kinetic energy +

Potential energy
 ΔE = ΔU + ΔKE + ΔPE
Thermodynamics Solution Method
1) Sketch the system and show energy 4) Apply conservation of mass and conservation
interactions across the boundaries. of energy principles.
2) Determine the property relation. Is the 5) Bring in other information from the problem
working substance an ideal gas or a real statement, called physical constraints, such
substance? Begin to set up and fill in a as the volume doubles or the pressure is
property table. halved during the process.
3) Determine the process and sketch the process 6) Develop enough equations for the unknowns
diagram. Continue to fill in the property and solve.
table.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
●
processes occur in a certain direction, not in
just any direction.
●
Physical processes in nature can proceed
toward equilibrium spontaneously:
–Water flows down a waterfall.
–Gases expand from a high pressure
to a low pressure.
–Heat flows from a high temperature
to a low temperature.
Familiarization
●
Heat (thermal) reservoir ●
Work reservoir
–A heat reservoir is a sufficiently large –A work reservoir is a sufficiently large
system in stable equilibrium to which and system in stable equilibrium to which
from which finite amounts of heat can be and from which finite amounts of work
transferred without any change in its can be transferred adiabatically
temperature. without any change in its pressure.
–A high temperature heat reservoir from
which heat is transferred is sometimes
called a heat source. A low temperature
heat reservoir to which heat is transferred
is sometimes called a heat sink.
Familiarization
●
Thermodynamic cycle
–A system has completed a
thermodynamic cycle when the
system undergoes a series of
processes and then returns to its
original state, so that the properties of
the system at the end of the cycle are
the same as its beginning.
Sample of a
Thermodynamic Cycle
 steam power plant as a heat
engine operating in a
thermodynamic cycle.
Heat Engine
A heat engine is a thermodynamic system
operating in a thermodynamic cycle to which
net heat is transferred and from which net
work is delivered.
The system, or working fluid, undergoes a
series of processes that constitute the heat
engine cycle.
Sample of a
Thermodynamic Cycle
 Heat Pump
 A heat pump is a thermodynamic system operating in
a thermodynamic cycle that removes heat from a low-
temperature body and delivers heat to a high-
temperature body. To accomplish this energy
transfer, the heat pump receives external energy in
the form of work or heat from the surroundings.
 While the name “heat pump” is the thermodynamic
term used to describe a cyclic device that allows the
transfer of heat energy from a low temperature to a
higher temperature, we use the terms “refrigerator”
and “heat pump” to apply to particular devices. Here
a refrigerator is a device that operates on a
thermodynamic cycle and extracts heat from a low-
temperature medium. The heat pump also operates
on a thermodynamic cycle but rejects heat to the
high-temperature medium.
Efficiency

 Thermal Efficiency, ηth

 The thermal efficiency is the
index of performance of a
work-producing device or a
heat engine and is defined by
the ratio of the net work
output (the desired result) to
the heat input (the costs to
obtain the desired result).
Heat engine
 For a heat engine the desired
result is the net work done and
the input is the heat supplied to
make the cycle operate. The
thermal efficiency is always less
than 1 or less than 100 percent.
Efficiency illustrated
●
Cyclic devices such as heat engines,
refrigerators, and heat pumps often operate
between a high-temperature reservoir at
temperature TH and a low-temperature
reservoir at temperature TL.
Efficiency of a Heat Pump
For the heat pump acting like a refrigerator or
Coefficient of
●
●
an air conditioner, the primary function of the
Performance, COP device is the transfer of heat from the low-
temperature system.
 The index of performance of a
refrigerator or heat pump is
expressed in terms of the
coefficient of performance, COP,
the ratio of desired result to input.
This measure of performance may
be larger than 1, and we want the
COP to be as large as possible.
The Refrigeration System

●
The difference with the heat pump
is the desired output.... “lower
the temperature”
●
Work also is TH – TL. The greater
the difference the higher the COP
Second Law Statements

●
Kelvin-Planck statement of the
second law
–It is impossible for any device that
operates on a cycle to receive heat
from a single reservoir and produce a
net amount of work.
Second Law Statements

●
Clausius statement of the second
law
–The Clausius statement of the second
law states that it is impossible to
construct a device that operates in a
cycle and produces no effect other
than the transfer of heat from a
lower-temperature body to a higher-
–temperature body.
Desired System

Perpetual-Motion Machines
•
Any device that violates the
first or second law of
thermodynamics is called a
perpetual-motion machine. If
the device violates the first law,
it is a perpetual-motion
machine of the first kind. If the
device violates the second law,
it is a perpetual-motion
machine of the second kind.
 Processes

Reversible Processes A reversible process is a The internally reversible

quasi-equilibrium, or process is a quasi-
quasi-static, process equilibrium process,
with a more restrictive which, once having
requirement. taken place, can be
reversed and in so doing
leave no change in the
system. This says nothing
about what happens to
the surroundings about
the system.
Internally reversible process
Processes
Totally or externally reversible process
Friction
●
●
–The externally reversible process is a
quasi-equilibrium process, which, once Unrestrained expansion of gases
●

having taken place, can be reversed

and in so doing leave no change in the
●
Heat transfer through a finite
system or surroundings. temperature difference
●
Irreversible Process
Mixing of two different substances
●

–An irreversible process is a process Hysteresis effects

●

that is not reversible. All real processes

are irreversible. Irreversible processes I2R losses in electrical circuits
●

occur because of the following:

Any deviation from a quasi-static process
●
Process Application

●
The Carnot Cycle
–French military engineer Nicolas Sadi
Carnot (1769-1832) was among the
first to study the principles of the
second law of thermodynamics.
Carnot was the first to introduce the
concept of cyclic operation and
devised a reversible cycle that is
composed of four reversible
processes, two isothermal and two
adiabatic.
Power

Primary Sources of Power


Human labor ●
POWER is required on doing
WORK:

Domestic animals –Lifting

Wind
–Transport

Flowing water
–Stationary

Electricity

Heat engines
WIND POWER

Generally used for water pumping

•
maximum energy or power recovered
from the wind (kinetic energy of
motion) = 59.3% (Bets, Munk and
Hoff)
WATER POWER
●
Two types of water movement to generate power:
Falling/flowing of streams of water through force or gravity
Rise and fall of tides through lunar/solar gravity
●
Power developed depends on two factors:
Volume of water flowing per unit time
Head or vertical distance of water drops at a point where power installation is located
●
Actual power is 60-80% less than the theoretical power due to:
overall efficiencies
hydraulic losses in conduits & turbines
mechanical losses in bearings & transmission systems
electrical losses in generators, station use & transmission
ELECTRICITY
●
Contributes directly to agricultural production by:
supplying heat, light and power for lighting buildings
heating water
operating farm equipment like water pumps, refrigeration systems
●
 Advantages of Electric Motors (stationary power)
Relatively simple and compact in construction
Light in weight per hp
Require little attention and limited care and servicing
Produce a smooth, uniform power
Adaptable to uniform or variable loads
HEAT ENGINES

 Ordinary types of heat engines:

•
Internal Combustion Engine
•
External Combustion Engine
Produce heat &
Fuel Steam create pressure
wood, natgas, ignited engines & Produces
oil, coal gas engines motion

Imagine this!
HUMAN (0.07 kW) vs. Grader (70 kW)