VECTOR FUNCTIONS
PRESENTED TO
DR. ANUM NASEEM
Presented by
Group 1
Bs Mathematics 3rd Semester (Morning)
Aliya Bibi NUML-S20-26660
Uzma Aslam NUML-S20-26486
Sarwat Maqsood NUML-S20-12843
Arooj Fatima Amjad NUML-S20-27601
Muqaddas Jadoon NUML-S20-22197
Zainab Fatima NUML-S20-19015
Contents
Definition of Vector Function
Derivatives and Integrals of Vector Function
Rules of Differentiation
Limits and Continuity of Vector Function
Applications Of Vector Function
Vector Functions
Vector Functions
A vector valued function or vector function r(t) whose domain is a set of real
numbers and whose range is a set of vectors.
We can split r(t) into its components
r(t) = f(t) i + g(t) j + h(t) k
Then f ,g and h are called the component functions of r.
The range of r is a curve in
Derivatives of Vector Functions
Derivatives
The derivative r of a vector function r is defined in much the same way as for real
valued functions:
If this limit exists.
The geometric significance of this definition is shown below:
Secant Vector
If the points P and Q have position
vectors r(t) and r(t + h), then represents
the vector r(t + h) – r(t).
This can therefore be regarded as
a secant vector.
Tangent Vector
If h > 0, the scalar multiple (1/h)(r(t + h) – r(t)) has the same direction as r(t + h) – r(t).
As h → 0, it appears that this vector approaches a vector that lies on the tangent line.
For this reason, the vector r’(t) is called the
tangent vector to the curve defined by r at the
point P, provided:
r’(t) exists
r’(t) ≠ 0
Higher order Derivatives
Just as for real-valued functions, the second derivative of a vector
function r is the derivative of r, that is, r = (r).
For instance, the second derivative of the function,
r(t) = 2 cos t, sin t, t
r(t )= <–2 cos t, –sin t, 0>
Rules of Differentiation
Ordinary Differentiation
In ordinary differentiation we find derivative w.r.t one independent variable
only.
Slope of constant function is always zero.
Rules of Ordinary Differentiation
For any function f , g and any constant c
CONSTANT FUNCTION
RULE
DIFFERNCE
RULE
MULTIPLICATION
BY CONSTANT
PRODUCT RULE
POWER
RULE
is any real no.
SUM
RULE
RECIPROCAL RULE
CHAIN RULE
QUOTIENT RULE
Partial Differentiation
Partial differentiation is used to differentiate mathematical functions having
more than one independent variable in them.
It also aid the solution of, physical and other problems involving functions of
several variables:
The propagation of heat or sound
fluid flow
Elasticity
Electrostatics
Electrodynamics
Rules of Partial Differentiation
In
partial
differentiation, we can find partial derivative w.r.t one variable; treating all other variables as
constant.
1. CHAIN RULE
Chain rule for functions of two independent variables
w=f(x,y) ; x=x(t), y=y(t)
Chain rule for functions of three independent variables
w=f(x,y,z) ; x=x(t), y=y(t), z=z(t)
Chain rule for two independent variables and three intermediate variables
w=f(x,y,z) ; x=g(r,s), y=h(r,s), z=k(r,s)
Chain rule for one independent variable and two intermediate variables
w=f(x) ; x=g(r,s)
Integrals
Integrals
The definite integral of a continuous vector function r(t) can be defined
the same way as for real-valued functions except that the integral is a
vector:
We can extend the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus to continuous vector functions as
follows:
where R is an antiderivative of r, that is,
R(t) = r(t)
We use the notation r(t) dt for indefinite integrals (antiderivatives).
Limits and Continuity
Limits
Let ,
r(t) = f(t)i + g(t)j + h(t)k be a vector function and L a vector
We say that r has limit L as t approaches tₒ and write
Lim t→ tₒ r(t) = L
If for every number ɛ ˃ 0, there exists a corresponding number δ ˃ 0
such that for all t
0 ˂ |t- tₒ| ˂ δ → |r(t) – L| ˂ ɛ
Explanation
If,
L= L1i + L2j + L3k
Then,
Lim t→ tₒ r(t) = L
precisely when
Lim t→ tₒ f(t) = L1 , Lim t→ tₒ g(t) = L2 , Lim t→ tₒ h(t) = L3
The equation
Lim t→ tₒ r(t)= Lim t→ tₒ f(t)i + Lim t→ tₒ g(t)j + Lim t→ tₒ h(t)k
Provides a practical way to calculate limits of vector functions.
Example
Finding Limits of Vector Function
If,
r(t) = (sint)i + (cost)j +(t2)k,
then,
Lim t→0 r(t)= (Lim t→0 sint)i + (Lim t→0 cost)j + (Lim t→0 t2)k
= 0i + 1j +0k
=j
Continuity
A vector function r(t) is continuous at a point t= t0 in its domain
If Lim t→ tₒ r(t) = r(t0)
If it is continuous at every point in its domain.
Applications
Engineering
Engineers use vector calculus to define and measure the variation of
temperature, fluid velocity, force, magnetic flux etc. In the real 3D
engineering world, one wants to know things like the stress and strain inside a
structure, the velocity of the air flow over a wing, or the induced
electromagnetic field inside a human body.
Vector fields vs scalar field
Vector fields
A vector field in a given region of 3D space is a vector function defined at each point in the
region, v(x,y,z).
Examples: electric force field, gravitational force field
A field may also depend on time, temperature inside a room or fluid velocity.
Scalar Fields
A scalar field in a given region of 3D space is a scalar function defined at each point in the
region, i.e. f(x,y,z).
Examples: electric potential, gravitational potential
Example
Consider a metallic plate that is heated on one
side and cooled on another. The temperature at
each point within the body is described by a scalar
function (field) T(x,y,z,t). The flow of a heat may
be marked by a filed of arrows indicating the
direction and magnitude of flow. This energy or
heat flux is described by a vector function
H(x,y,z,t).
Length of curve
Arclength is the distance between two points
along a section of a curve.
The arc length (s) between two points: (point a)
and (point b), on a space curve r(t), is given by
If curve
is parametrized in the form
X = f(t) , y = g(t)
With parameter going from a to b then
Arc length
Useful application of arc length is arc length parameterization.
Arc length is considered as the distance you would travel if you were walking along
the path of the curve. Many real-world applications involve arc length. If a rocket is
launched along a parabolic path, we might want to know how far the rocket travels. If a
curve on a map represents a road, we might want to know how far we have to drive to
reach our destination.
We begin by calculating the arc length of curves defined as functions of x, then we
examine the same process for curves defined as functions of y. The techniques we use
to find arc length can be extended to find the surface area of a surface of revolution.
Curvature
Curvature is one of the most important application of the derivative of
single variable functions.
The curvature is of utmost significance in designing road curves and
grinding work pieces. While designing road curves, its influence on road
safety needs to be considered. In order to improve the efficiency without
excessive wear, its influence on the size of grinding wheel requires to be
considered.
