Slides for Chapter 7:
Operating System support
From Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and
Blair
Distributed Systems:
Concepts and Design
Edition 5, © Addison-Wesley 2012
Figure 7.1
System layers
Applications, services
Middleware
OS: kernel, OS1 OS2
libraries & Processes, threads, Processes, threads,
servers communication, ... communication, ...
Platform
Computer & Computer &
network hardware network hardware
Node 1 Node 2
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.2
Core OS functionality
Process manager
Communication
manager
Thread manager Memory manager
Supervisor
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.3
Address space
2N
Auxiliary
regions
Stack
Heap
Text
0
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.4
Copy-on-write
Process A’s address space Process B’s address space
RB copied
from RA
RA RB
Kernel
Shared
frame
A's page B's page
table table
a) Before write b) After write
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.5
Client and server with threads
Thread 2 makes
requests to server
Receipt & Input-output
Thread 1 queuing
generates
results
T1
Requests
N threads
Client
Server
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.6
Alternative server threading architectures (see also Figure 7.5)
per-connection threads per-object threads
workers
I/O remote I/O remote
remote
objects
objects objects
a. Thread-per-request b. Thread-per-connection c. Thread-per-object
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.7
State associated with execution environments and threads
Execution environment Thread
Address space tables Saved processor registers
Communication interfaces, open files Priority and execution state (such as
BLOCKED)
Semaphores, other synchronization Software interrupt handling information
objects
List of thread identifiers Execution environment identifier
Pages of address space resident in memory; hardware cache entries
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.8
Java thread constructor and management methods
Thread(ThreadGroup group, Runnable target, String name)
Creates a new thread in the SUSPENDED state, which will belong to group and be
identified as name; the thread will execute the run() method of target.
setPriority(int newPriority), getPriority()
Set and return the thread’s priority.
run()
A thread executes the run() method of its target object, if it has one, and otherwise
its own run() method (Thread implements Runnable).
start()
Change the state of the thread from SUSPENDED to RUNNABLE.
sleep(int millisecs)
Cause the thread to enter the SUSPENDED state for the specified time.
yield()
Causes the thread to enter the READY state and invoke the scheduler.
destroy()
Destroy the thread.
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.9
Java thread synchronization calls
thread.join(int millisecs)
Blocks the calling thread for up to the specified time until thread has terminated.
thread.interrupt()
Interrupts thread: causes it to return from a blocking method call such as sleep().
object.wait(long millisecs, int nanosecs)
Blocks the calling thread until a call made to notify() or notifyAll() on object wakes
the thread, or the thread is interrupted, or the specified time has elapsed.
object.notify(), object.notifyAll()
Wakes, respectively, one or all of any threads that have called wait() on object.
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.10
Scheduler activations
P added
Process Process
A B SA preempted
Process SA unblocked
Kernel SA blocked
P idle
Virtual processors Kernel
P needed
A. Assignment of virtual processors B. Events between user-level scheduler & kernel
to processes Key: P = processor; SA = scheduler activation
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.11
Invocations between address spaces
(a) System call Thread Control transfer via
trap instruction
Control transfer via
privileged instructions
User Kernel
Protection domain
(b) RPC/RMI (within one computer) boundary
Thread 1 Thread 2
User 1 Kernel User 2
(c) RPC/RMI (between computers)
Thread 1 Network Thread 2
User 1 User 2
Kernel 1 Kernel 2
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.12
RPC delay against parameter size
RPC delay
Requested data
size (bytes)
0 1000 2000
Packet
size
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.13
A lightweight remote procedure call
Client Server
A stack
A
1. Copy args 4. Execute procedure
and copy results
User stub stub
Kernel
2. Trap to Kernel 3. Upcall 5. Return (trap)
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.14
Times for serialized and concurrent invocations
Serialised invocations Concurrent invocations
process args process args
marshal marshal
Send transmission Send
process args
marshal
Receive Send Receive
unmarshal unmarshal
execute request execute request
marshal marshal
Send Send
Receive
unmarshal
Receive Receive execute request
unmarshal unmarshal marshal
process results process results Send
process args
marshal Receive
Send
unmarshal
process results
Receive time
unmarshal
execute request
marshal
Send
Receive
unmarshal
process results
Client Server Client Server
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.15
Monolithic kernel and microkernel
S4 .......
S1 S2 S3 S4 .......
.......
S1 S2 S3
Monolithic Kernel Microkernel
Key:
Server: Kernel code and data: Dynamically loaded server program:
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.16
The role of the microkernel
Middleware
Language Language OS emulation
support support subsystem
....
subsystem subsystem
Microkernel
Hardware
The microkernel supports middleware via subsystems
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
Figure 7.17
The architecture of Xen
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
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Figure 7.18
Use of rings of privilege
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
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9
Figure 7.19
Virtualization of memory management
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
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0
Figure 7.20
Split device drivers
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
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1
Figure 7.21
I/O rings
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
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2
Figure 7.22
The XenoServer Open Platform Architecture
Instructor’s Guide for Coulouris, Dollimore, Kindberg and Blair, Distributed Systems: Concepts and Design Edn. 5
© Pearson Education 2012
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