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Crystallography: Branch of Physics Which Deals With The Arrangement of Atoms or Molecules in Matter

Crystallography is the study of the arrangement of atoms or molecules in crystalline solids. There are two main types of solids: crystalline materials, where atoms are arranged in periodic 3D arrays, and noncrystalline materials, where atoms have no periodic arrangement. A crystal structure can be a single crystal, where the periodic pattern extends throughout, or polycrystalline, composed of many small crystallites with different orientations. The smallest repeating unit that describes the crystal structure is called the unit cell, defined by its lattice parameters of dimensions and angles. There are seven crystal systems and different types of unit cells and lattices that describe the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids.

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92 views19 pages

Crystallography: Branch of Physics Which Deals With The Arrangement of Atoms or Molecules in Matter

Crystallography is the study of the arrangement of atoms or molecules in crystalline solids. There are two main types of solids: crystalline materials, where atoms are arranged in periodic 3D arrays, and noncrystalline materials, where atoms have no periodic arrangement. A crystal structure can be a single crystal, where the periodic pattern extends throughout, or polycrystalline, composed of many small crystallites with different orientations. The smallest repeating unit that describes the crystal structure is called the unit cell, defined by its lattice parameters of dimensions and angles. There are seven crystal systems and different types of unit cells and lattices that describe the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids.

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Crystallography

 Branch of physics which deals with the arrangement of atoms or molecules


in matter.
Type of Solid
From the crystallographic point of view solids are found to
be following types:-

Crystalline materials
 Atoms pack in periodic, 3D arrays

Noncrystalline materials
 Atoms have no periodic packing
Crystal Structure
Single crystal:
 periodicity of pattern extends throughout a
certain piece of material.

Polycrystalline solids :
 periodicity of structure is interrupted.
 comprised of many small crystals or grains.
 The grains have different crystallographic
orientation.
 There exists atomic mismatch within the
grains meet. These regions are
called grain boundaries.
Space Lattice

 Auguste Bravais, in 1884 introduce the concept of the


space lattice.

Space lattice
 a mathematical concept
 infinite number of points in space with the property
 that the arrangements of the points about a given
point is identical with that about any other point.

The points having above properties are known as lattice


points.
Basis and Unit cell

Basis
The structure of all crystals is described in terms of a
lattice with a group of atoms attached to each lattice
point. The group is called basis; it is repeated in space
to form the crystal structure.

Crystal structure = lattice + basis

Unit cell 
 smallest structural unit or building block that
can describe the crystal structure.
 repetition of the unit cell generate the entire crystal.
Lattice parameters of a unit cell

X, Y and Z are the three convenient crystal axes chosen


arbitrarily and an unit cell is shown.

These crystal axes may not essentially be the same


with respect to orthogonal axes.

The intercepts a, b and c define the dimension of a


unit cell and are known as its primitives or
characteristic intercepts on the axes.

The angles α, β and γ ,between the three axes are


called interfacial angles.

The primitives and interfacial angles constitute the


lattice parameter of the unit cell .
Different Types of Unit Cells
The lattice centerings are:
Primitive (P): Lattice points on the cell corners only.

Body (I): One additional lattice point at the center of the cell.

Face (F): One additional lattice point at center of each of the faces of the cell.

Base (A,B or C): One additional lattice point at center of each of one pair of the cell faces.
Bravais lattices in 3 dimensions
Name of seven Number of Bravais
Lattice Parameter Image of lattices
crystal system lattices

a ¹b ¹ c
Triclinic 1 (P)
a¹b¹g

a¹b¹c
Monoclinic 2 (P,C)
a=b== 90° ¹ g

a¹b¹c
Orthorhombic 4 (P, C, I, F)
a = b = g = 90°

a=b¹c
Tetragonal 2 (P, I)
a = b = g = 90°

a=b=c
Cubic 3(P, I, F)
a = b = g = 90°

a=b=c
Trigonal 1(P)
a = b = g < 120° ¹ 90°

a=b¹c
Hexagonal 1(C)
a = b = 90°,g = 120°
Characteristics of cubic
lattices
Parameter Simple cubic lattice Body-centered cubic Face-centered cubic

Volume of unit cell a3 a3 a3

Lattice points/atoms per unit cell 1 2 4

Maximum packing density π/6=52%  3 / 8  68%  2 / 3  74%

Number of nearest neighbors 6 8 12

Nearest - neighbor distance A 3a / 2 a 2/2

Example Phosphor Tungsten Aluminum


Characteristics Of Simple Cubic Lattices

Parameter Simple cubic lattice

Volume of unit cell a3

Lattice points/atoms per


1
unit cell

Maximum packing density π/6=52%

Number of nearest 6
neighbors

Nearest - neighbor distance a

Example Phosphor
Number of nearest neighbor
Characteristics Of Body Centered cubic
Body-
Parameter centered
cubic
Volume of unit cell a3

Lattice points/atoms per


2
unit cell

packing factor density  3 / 8  68%

Number of nearest
8
neighbors

Nearest - neighbor distance 3a / 2

Example Tungsten
Characteristics Of Face-Centered Cubic

Face-centered
Parameter
cubic

Volume of unit cell a3

Lattice points/atoms per 4


unit cell

Maximum packing
density  2 / 6  74%

Number of nearest
12
neighbors

Nearest - neighbor
distance a 2/2

Example Aluminum
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