7.

Loops & Control

Constructs

1
 Loops
Loop with “if” using goto and label
Example : Demonstrates use of if for iteration
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int sum=0, i=1; /*declaration and
initialization combined*/
Step3: /*label- loop starts here*/
if (i<=10)
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 Loops (Contd.)
{
sum= sum+i;
i=i+1;
goto step3;
}
printf(“sum of first 10 natural numbers=%d\n”,
sum);
}
Result:
sum of first 10 natural numbers=55
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 for statement
for (exp1; exp2; exp3)
{statements; }
Note the keyword, the parentheses and
semicolons. No semicolon after exp3.
exp1, exp2 and exp3 are expressions.
exp1 – contains the initial value of an index
or a variable.
exp3 – contains the alteration to the index
after each iteration of the body of the for
statement.

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 for statement (Contd.)
The body of the statement is either a single
statement or group of statements enclosed
within braces.
If a single statement has to be executed then
braces are not required.
exp2 – condition that must be satisfied if the
body of statements are to be executed.
An example of a for loop is given below:
for (i=0; i<5; i++)
printf(“%d”, i);
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 Finding sum of first 10
natural numbers
int main()
{
int sum=0, i=0; /*declaration and initialization
combined*/
for (i=1; i<=10; i++) /*loop starts here*/
{
sum=sum+i;
}
printf(“sum of the first 10 natural
numbers=%d\n”, sum);
}
Result: sum of first 10 natural numbers=55

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 Exercise
What change will you make if we want to
add 100 numbers and 1000 numbers ?

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 Three Components of for

exp1 and exp3 are assignments or function calls.

exp2 is a relational expression. The three
expressions may not always be present.
However, even if an expression is not present,
the associated semicolon should be present.
For instance,
for (;exp2;)
{s1}

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 Finding all even numbers
int main ()
{
int i=2;
for (; i<50; i+=2) /*loop starts here*/
{
printf(“%i is an even number\n”, i);
}
}

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 Symbolic Constants
# define name constant
Not variables and hence they are not defined as
part of the declarations of variables.
Specified on top of the program before the
main()
Wherever the symbolic constant names appear
in the program, the compiler will replace them
with the corresponding replacement constants.

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 Symbolic Constants (Contd)
#define LOW 100
#define UPPER 150
#define STEP 1
int main()
{
int num;
for (num=LOW; num<UPPER; num+=STEP)
/*loop starts here*/
{
if(num%3 == 0)
printf(“%i is evenly divisible by 3\n”, num);
}
}
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 Nested for Loop
Example
for (i=1;i<=10; i++)
{
for (j=1; j<=5; j++)
{
for (k=1; k<=2; k++)
{
s1
}
}
}
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 while loop
 Subset of for loop
{
exp1;
while (exp2)
{
statements
exp3;
}}

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Generation of Multiplication Table
int main()
{ int a,b,product;
a=1;
b=0;
product=0;
printf(“Enter which table you want”);
scanf(“%d”, &b)’
while (a <=10)
{ product = a*b;
printf(“%2d X %d=
%3d\n”,a,b,product);
a++; }
}

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 Reversing a number
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{ long unsigned n, reverse;
printf(“enter the number to be
reversed\n”);
scanf(“%lu”, &n);
reverse=0;
while (n>0)
{ reverse=reverse*10+ (n%10);
n=n/10; }
printf(“Reversed number=%lu”, reverse);
}

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 Structure of while

TRUE While FALSE

condition

STATEMENTS
STATEMENTS

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 do…. while
DO

STATEMENTS

TRUE

While
condition

FALSE

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 Example of do….while
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{ int alpha=0;
do
{ printf (“\nenter upper case alphabet- enter 1 to
quit\n”);
if (alpha >=‘A’ && alpha<=‘Z’)
{ alpha=(alpha+32);
putch(alpha);
}

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 Example of do….while
else
{ if(alpha==‘1’)
printf(“End of Session”);
else
printf(“\ninvalid entry; retry”);
}
}while(alpha!=‘1’);
}

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 Linear Search
Algorithm
Declaration
array ia of size n, i = 0
item to be searched = x
found = false
do
if (ia[i] == x) then
found = true
else
i=i+1
while (i<= n – 1 && not found)

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 Switch
• Enables multi-way decision making
• More powerful than if .. else
• Syntax of switch statement is given below.
switch (expression)
{
case constant or expression : statements
case constant or expression : statements
..
Default : statements }
Constant expressions following case should be
unique.

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 Example of Switch
int main()
{ int a;
char ch = ‘c’;
while (ch==‘c’)
{ printf(“\nEnter a digit 0 to 9\n”);
scanf(“%d”,&a);
switch(a)
{ case 0:printf(“Zero\n”);
break;

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 Example of Switch (contd.)
case 1:printf(“One\n”);
break;
case 2:printf(“Two\n”);
break;
case 3:printf(“Three\n”);
break;
case 4:printf(“Four\n”);
break;
case 5:printf(“Five\n”);
break;
case 6:printf(“Six\n”);
break;

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 Example of Switch (contd.)
case 7:printf(“Seven\n”);
break;
case 8:printf(“Eight\n”);
break;
case 9:printf(“Nine\n”);
break;
default:printf(“Illegal character\n”); }
printf(“enter ‘c’ if you want to continue\n”);
printf(“or any other character to end\n”);
ch=getche();
if(ch!=‘c’)
printf(“End of Session”); } }
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 Switch with char
char m;
switch(m)
{
case ‘a’ : s1;
break;
case ‘b’ : s2;
break ;
}

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 SWITCH with char (contd.)
int op;
switch(op)
{
case ‘+’ : s1;
break;
case ‘/’ : s2;
break ;
}

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 Break, Continue, Return
• Break causes the program to break from the loop that
encloses it and proceed to the next stage of the
program
• Continue causes resuming next iteration of the loop.
• Return may appear anywhere in the program
int main()
{ int a;
do
{ printf(“enter a number-enter 0 to end session\n”);
scanf(“%d”, &a);
if(a>20000)
{ printf(“you entered a high value-going out
of range\n”); break; }

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 Break, Continue, Return (contd)
else

if(a>0)
printf(“you entered %d\n”, a);
if (a<0)
{ printf(“you entered a negative
number\n”);
continue;
}
}
while(a!=0);
printf(“End of session\n”);

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 Result of program
Enter a number-enter 0 to end session
33
You entered 33
Enter a number-enter 0 to end session
-60
You entered a negative number
Enter a number-enter 0 to end session
45
You entered 45
Enter a number-enter 0 to end session
25000
You entered a high value-going out of range
End of session
* exit() function

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8. Arrays

30
 Arrays

• User defined data type

• Contains data of the same type
• Array of integers, array of double etc.
A = {2,4,6,8}
A[0]=2
A[1]=4
A[2]=6
A[3]=8

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 Array Declaration
Eg. double emp_age [100];
• allots memory size of 100 doubles
contiguously.
• If emp_age[0] is stored in location 1000 then
emp_age[n] will be stored in 1000 + n * 8 (size
of variable).
[100] is called subscript.
Initialization
Double emp_age[5] = {30.1, 31.1, 35.1, 36.1, 37.1];
Double emp_age[] = {30.1, ….. 37.1};
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 Getting, storing and printing
ten integers
{ int s1[10];
int i;
printf(“Enter 10 integers \n”);
for (i=0; i<=9; i++)
{ scanf(“%d”, &s1[i]);
}
printf(“you have entered:\n”);
for (i=0; i<=9; i++)
{ printf(“%d\n”, sl[i]); }}
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Finding greatest number
and position in a Array
int main()
{ int a[5]={1,5,2,6,3};
int max=0, i, ind=0;
for(i=0; i<=4; i++)
{ if (a[i] > max)
{ max =a[i];
ind=i+1; }
}
printf(“maximum number=%d location=
%d\n”, max,ind);
}

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 Strings
• String is an array of characters
• char name{25};
• scanf(“%s”, name);
• The syntax for gets is: gets(name);
puts(name);
puts (“Enter the word”);
• printf canbe used to print more than one variable and scanf to get
more than one variable at a time, in a single statement. However,
puts can output only one variable and gets can input only one
variable in one statement. In order to input or output more than
one variable, separate statements have to be written for each
variable. gets and puts are unformatted I/O functions
• Use <string.h> to use string related library functions
Eg. strlen(str) returns length of str.

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 Palindrome
#define FALSE 0
int main()
{ int flag=1;
int right, left, n;
char w[50]; /* maximum width of string
50*/
puts(“Enter string to be checked for
palindrome”);
gets(w);
n=strlen(w)-1;
for ((left=0, right=n); left<=n/2; ++left,
--right)
{ if (w[left] !=w[right])
{ flag=FALSE; break; } }
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 Palindrome
if (flag)
{ puts(w);
puts(“is a palindrome”);
}
else
printf(“%s is NOT a palidrome”);
}

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 Multi-Dimensional Arrays
• Multi-dimensional Arrays are stored row by row
continuously.
int main()
{ int i,j;
int z[2][2];
int x[2][2] = {1,2,3,4};
int y[2][2] = {5,6,7,8};
for (i=0; i<=1; i++)
{ for (j=0; j<=1; j++)
{ z[i][j]=x [i][j] * y[i][j];
printf(“z[%d][%d]=%d\n”, i, j, z[i][j]);}
}
}

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 Binary Search
Pre-condition : Data already sorted.
Algorithm for Binary Search
int a[n];
left = 0
right = n-1
found = false;
while (left<right)
{mid = (left+right)/2;
if (a (mid) = =x) found = true;
else
if (a(mid) < x) left = mid + 1;
else right = mid;}
if (found) print (“found”);
else print (“Not found”);

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9. Functions

40
Modular Programming Concept
MAIN

f1 f2 f3 f4

f11 f12 f21 f31

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 Structured programming – Code
of good programming practices
 Write only one statement per line
 Coin meaningful names for constants, variables and functions
 Use capitals for names of constants
 Divide programs into functions
 Each function performs one task
 Each function must have atleast one comment statement
 Skip a line between functions
 Skip a line after declaration statements in the main function
as well as each function

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 Structured programming – Code
of good programming practices
 Bring clarity by skipping lines wherever required
 Put only one brace on each line
 Align all opening braces and closing braces
 Indent as much as possible to bring out logical structure of
the program
 Some of the program statements that could be indented are
body of function, body of loop, body of if..else statements
 Indent each case in switch statement
 Indent an item within a structure declaration.

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 Three Parts of Function

A function consists of three parts :

a) Function Declaration
b) Function Definition
c) Function Call

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 Function Declaration

return data – type function name

(formal argument 1, argument 2,…. ) ;
Example
float f1 (float arg 1, int arg 2);
void fun2 (float arg1, int arg2); /*void
means nothing*/
char fun3(float arg1, int arg2);
char fun4();

Also called function prototype.

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 Function Call
• Function can be called directly or indirectly.
• Eg. Fun1(25);
sum = fin1(25);
• Function call made by passing actual
arguments.
• Function call must be in conformity with
function proto.
• Return type not to be specified.

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 Function Definition

• Can be located anywhere.

• Consists of 2 parts –
• Function declarator or header
• Conforms to proto, no semicolon
• Function body
• Consists of local variables &
statements

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 Algorithm for function add
main function
Step 1 define function add
Step 2 get 2 integers
Step 3 call add & pass the 2 values
Step 4 get the sum
Step 5 Print the value
Function Add
Step 1 get the values
Step 2 add them
Step 3 return the value to main function

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 Program for adding
int main()
{ int a=0, b=0, sum=0;
int add(int x, int y); /*function declaration*/
printf(“enter 2 integers\n”);
scanf(“%d%d”, &a, &b);
sum=add(a,b); /*functon call*/
printf(“sum of %d and %d=%d”, a,b,sum); }
/* function definition*/
Int add (int c, int d) /* function declarator*/
{ int e;
e=c+d;
return e; }
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 Function - Important Points
• Function declarator is a replica of the function
declaration
• The only difference is that the declaration in the calling
function will end with a semicolon and the declarator in
the called function will not end with a semicolon.
• The declarator must agree totally with the declaration
in the called function i.e.the return data type, the
function name, the argument type should all appear in
the same order.
• When the function encounters the closing brace }, it
returns control the calling program and returns to the
same place at which the function was called.

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 A Function called many times
{ float a,b,c,d, sum1, sum2, sum3;
float add(float a, float b); /* function declaration*/
printf(“enter 2 float numbers\n”);
scanf(“%f%f”, &a, &b);
sum1 = add(a,b); /*function call*/
printf(“enter 2 more float numbers\n”);
scanf(“%f%f”, &c, &d);
sum2 = add(c,d); /* function call*/
sum3=add(sum1,sum2);
printf(“sum of %f and %f=%f\n”, a,b,sum1);
printf(“sum of %f and %f=%f\n”, c,d,sum2);
printf(“sum of %f and %f=%f\n”, sum1,sum2,sum3); }
/*function definition*/
float add (float c, float d) /* function declarator*/
{ float e;
e=c+d;
return e; }

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 Calling multiple functions
Step 1 : get the number
Step 2 : if number is odd call the Reverse function
Step 3 : else multiply the number by 2
Step 4 : if number is evenly divisible by 3 call ADD-digits
Reverse Function
Step 1 : reverse = 0
Step 2 : while (number > 0)
reverse = reverse * 10 + (number % 10)
number = number/10
Step 3 : return (reverse)

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Calling multiple functions (Contd.)
ADD-digits function
Step 1 : sum = 0
Step 2 : while number > 0
sum = sum + (number % 10)
number = number / 10
Step 3 : return (sum)
Look at Example 44 in page 146.

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 Scope rules for functions
Scope of the variable is local to the function,
unless it is global
Look at Example 45 in page 149.
To find the greatest number in an array,
look at Example 46 in page 151.
To reverse a string, look at Example 47 in
page 152.

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 Return values
return (sum);
return v1;
return “true”;
return `Z’;
return 0;
return 4.0 + 3.0; etc.
return;

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