ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE and TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE of ELECTRICAL and MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT of ELECTRO MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
LECTURE NOTE of
ELECTRICAL MACHINES AND DRIVES (ECEG - 3282 )
OUTLINE
1. Introduction
2. Transformers
3. Induction machine
4. D.C Machines
5. Synchronous machines
Introduction
In all electromechanical devices, mechanical motion must
occur, either translational or rotational, and this motion is
reflected into the electrical system either
as a change of flux linkages (electromagnetic system) or
as a change of charge (electrostatic system).
If the magnetic system is linear, then the change in flux
linkages results owing to a change in the inductance,
i.e., inductances of electric circuits associated with
electromechanical motion devices are functions of the
mechanical motion.
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Introduction Cont’d
Electric Machine:- device that can convert either mechanical energy
to electrical energy or electrical energy to mechanical energy
Mechanical to Electrical: generator
Electrical to Mechanical: motor
All practical motors and generators convert energy from one
form to another through the action of a magnetic field
Transformer – device that converts ac electric energy at one voltage
level to ac electric energy at another voltage level
It operates on the same principles as generators and motors,
i.e., it depends on the action of a magnetic field to accomplish
the change in voltage level
4
Electromagnets
Hans Christian Oersted (1771-1851), who
demonstrated in the year 1819 that a current-
carrying conductor produced a magnetic field.
The higher the current flow, the stronger the
magnetic field produced. This is what we
measure with a clamp on ammeter.
The magnetic field produced in a conductor is
proportional to the current moving through
the conductor and the number of turns wound
on the materials. 5
Magnetic flux (Magnetic Line of Force)
Magnetic flux:- is total magnetic lines of force produced by a
magnet
The quantity of magnetism which exists in a magnetic field
How much of magnetic force exist on the surface
Magnetic fields may be produced by permanent magnets or
electromagnets.
Magnetic fields are created by alternating and direct-current
sources 6
Properties of Magnetic Lines of Force
The laws of magnetic attraction and repulsion can be demonstrated by using two bar
magnets.
Magnetic field converted to mechanical force
Opposite
Poles S N S N
Attract
Force Force No flux
bunching
Flux
Like Poles bunching
S N N S
Repel
causes
Force Force
repulsion
Electromagnetism
Currents flowing in wires produce magnetic flux
Current
I
Voltage
Source, V
Y1 Y1 X1 X1
Direction of flux line
(Conventional current)
Y1 I into X1 I into
page page
Right-hand Rule
Thumb – current
Fingers –direction of
flux
Magnetomotive Force of a Coil
N = number of turns
in coil
Given a coil
Magnetomotive Force (MMF) F
Mathematically F=NI
Where F = MMF (A-t)
N = number of turns in coil (t)
I = current in coil (A)
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Magnetic Field Intensity of a Coil
L Magnetic field intensity, H
(MMF gradient of coil)
Amount of MMF dropped over length
NI F
Mathematically H
L L
Where: H = Magnetic field intensity (Oersteds, A-t/m)
L = path length (meters)
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Reluctance of Magnetic Circuits
Reluctance –opposition to flux. Similar to R in dc electric circuit
Ferromagnetic core
(iron)
+ L = mean path Core has cross
- length (m) sectional area
V A (m2) = LxW
L
W
F
F NI Where: F = MMF (A-t)
Magnetic Circuit
R R
R = Reluctance (A-t/Wb)
Relationship
F = flux (Wb)
F N = coil turns (t)
So R
11 I = coil current (A)
Reluctance of Magnetic Circuits
Coil reluctance related to core geometry and material
From previous math relationships F HL
BA
Substitute into equation from last slide and simplify
L
R
B
A
H
B and H depend on magnetic core material and relationship is usually non-linear
Electric analogy H Electric field potential
12 B Current density
Magnetization Curves
(B-H curves)
Plot magnetic field intensity (H) Vs flux density (B) on semi-log plots
Saturation
Region
B (T)
Linear Knee
Scale DB Region
DH B/H slope of curve at
given B
Magnetic circuit non-linear due
to magnetic saturation low high very high
H (A-t/m or Oersteds) Logarithmic scale
13
Magnetization Curves
Free
B-H curves different for each type of material Space
Free space B-H curve is
linear, but permeability is
very low (hard to
magnetize)
14
Magnetic Permeability
Permeability - Amount of magnetic field intensity required to produce a given flux
density for a given material.
B
Mathematically
H
Where: B = flux density (Wb/m2)
H = magnetic field intensity (A-t/m)
m = permeability (Wb/A-t-m)
Characteristics:
• similar to resistivity in conductors
• not a constant for a given material
• larger m, less H required to produce given B
15
Relative Permeability
Relative permeability - Ratio of material’s permeability to that of free space
r
0
Where:
m0 = permeability of free space
(4p x 10-7 Wb/A-t-m)
m = permeability of material (Wb/A-t-m)
mr = relative permeability (dimensionless)
Permeability, ,m , found from B-H plots. Experimental results of exciting magnetic material with current and
measuring B
16
Reluctance formulas In Terms of Permeability
R depends on:
type of magnetic material m
length of circuit, L
cross-sectional area of circuit, A
L
so R
A
r . 0 from previous relationship, so
L
R
0 r .A
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Calculation Examples
Computing flux density:
A magnetic flux of 0.0046 Wb passes through a core cross sectional dimensions of
10 cm x 17 cm. Find the flux density.
Given
= 0.0046 Wb
L=10 cm=0.1 m W=17 cm=0.17 m
A=L*W=0.1 m X 0.17 m= 0.017
0.0046Wb
B 2
0 . 271Wb m 2
T
A 0.017 m
18
Calculation Examples
Computing MMF and H:
A coil for a solenoid is 20 cm long and made up of 200 turns of wire. This wire has
a dc resistance of 2.25 W . The solenoid is connected to a 100 V dc source. Find
the MMF the coil produces and the magnetic field intensity.
F N.I NI F
H
v 100v L L
I 44.44 A
R 2.25 L 20cm 0.2m
F 200t 44.44 A 8888.9 At
F 8888.9 At H
0.20m
H 44,444 At m
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Calculation Examples
Computing Reluctance and Permeability:
A magnetic core made of cast steel must carry a flux density of 1.0 T. It has a total
length of 1.56 m. and a cross-sectional area of .37 m2. Find the permeability, the
relative permeability and reluctance of the core.
Use B-H curve from text. For a B=1.0 T H = 800 A-t/m
20
Solving Magnetic Circuits
Riron Rair gap
I
Length of air gap=Lag
N
V
F
F Length of Iron=Liron
Pictorial representation Lag
R ag
0 A
Liron
R iron
iron A
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Solving Magnetic Circuits
I Riron
N
V Rair gap
F
F = NI
F
Electric circuit analogy
Voltage source and coil form MMF source
Iron in magnetic structure has reluctance
Air
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gap has reluctance
Magnetic Circuit –Example 1
Problem Statement N = 200 turns
Core material:
Silicon Iron (1%)
Core cross-sectional
area, A = 0.1 m2
Total core length
L = 50 cm
B in air gap 0.8 T
Air gap length = 0.5 cm
Assume Core R negligible: Find Hair, F, Rair Ftot
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Magnetic Circuit –Example 1
Example Solution
24
Magnetic Circuit –Example 1
Example Solution (continued)
Permeability is constant in the air gap
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Magnetic Circuit –Example 1
Example Solution (continued)
Computing reluctance in air gap
26
Magnetic Circuit –Example 1
Example Solution (continued)
Computing total MMF
27
Magnetic Circuit –Example 2
Problem Statement N = 200 turns
Core material:
Silicon Iron (1%)
Core cross-sectional
area, A = 0.1 m2
Total core length
L = 50 cm
B in air gap 0.8 T
Air gap length = 0.5 cm
Include the effects of the iron core: Find I, Hair, Hiron F, Rair , Riron ,Ftot
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Magnetic Circuit –Example 2
Example Solution
Lag
Lag
29
Magnetic Circuit –Example 2
Example Solution (continued)
Include effects of iron core
30
Magnetic Circuit –Example 2
Example Solution (continued)
Include effects of iron core
31
Magnetic Circuit –Example 2
Example Solution (continued)
Include effects of iron core
32
Magnetic Circuit –Example 2
Example Solution (continued)
Include effects of iron core
33
Magnetic/Electric Circuit Analogy
F corresponds to I
F corresponds to E
R corresponds to R
So this gives an “Ohms Law” for magnetic circuits
F
R
All laws and principles from dc circuits are analogous to magnetic circuits
34
Magnetic/Electric Circuit Analogy
Combining Reluctances in series and parallel
R series R 1 R 2 R 3 ... R n
1
R parallel
1 1 1 1
R R R ... R
1 2 3 n
Other rules: Sum of MMFs around loop must be zero (KVL)
Sum of fluxes entering node must equal zero (KCL)
35
Magnetic Circuits and Inductance
Magnetic structures are modeled as inductors. These structures also have a dc
resistance due to winding resistance
Define inductance in terms of coil parameters
Product of flux and turns -flux linkages
l= N F l (lambda)
F l
Remember F NI R
R A
NI NIA
Substitute
l l
36
A
Magnetic Circuits and Inductance
Define flux linkages in terms of magnetic coil parameters
N I A N2 I A
N N
l l
Inductance, L, defined as flux linkages per amp so ……
N2 A
L
I l
Where: L = inductance (H)
Note:
m = permeability of core material
(Wb/A-t-m) l N2
N = number of turns in coil R so L
A = cross-sectional area of core (m2) A R
37
l = length of core (m)
Inductance Calculation Example
A 100 turn coil with a cross-section area of 0.025 m2 is 20 cm long. The core
material has a relative permeability of 2750. Find the inductance of this coil.
38
Hysteresis in Magnetic Circuits
Initial magnetization : oa B
Demagetization: abc a
Change poles: cd b
Reverse magnetization : defa
c o f
H
-H
e
d
-B
Coercive
Force - force required to bring flux to zero
Hysteresis occurs in ac circuits area inside loop represents power lost
smaller area less losses (J/cycle/m3)
39
Energy Conversion Principles
Energy conversion process is based on basic principles of energy conservation.
i.e. “ Energy is neither created nor destroyed, only be changed from one form
to the other”
Any electromechanical energy conversion devices obey this principle.
A magnetic-field-based electromechanical-energy-conversion device has three
essential parts in energy conversion process :
1) Electrical system (electric circuits such as windings)
2) Magnetic system (magnetic field in the magnetic cores and air gaps)
3) Mechanical system (mechanically movable parts such as a rotor in an
electrical
machine).
Concept of Electromechanical System Modeling
Electromechan ica l System
Electrical System Magnetic System Mechanical System
Position, Speed
Voltages and Magnetic and Acceleration
Currents Flux
Circuit Equations Froce/Torque Force/Torque Eqns
(KVL and (Newtons Law)
KCL) EMF
Concept of electromechanical system modeling
7
Energy Conversion Principles
The technique developed and used for energy balance is based on the
principle of conservation of energy.
A magnetic-field-based electromechanical-energy-conversion device
consists :
1. A lossless magnetic-energy-storage system with two terminals
2. T he electric terminal has two terminal variables: e (voltage), i (current ).
3. The mechanical terminal has two terminal variables: 𝑓𝑓𝑙𝑑 (force), x
(position)
Energy Conversion Principles
The loss mechanism is separated from the energy-storage mechanism.
In these cases the electrical losses, such as ohmic losses in windings, can be represented as
external elements (i.e., resistors) connected to the electric terminals, and
the mechanical losses, such as friction and windage, can be included external to the mechanical
terminals.
Fig shows a single coil forming the electric terminal, and a movable plunger
serving as the mechanical terminal.
Energy Balance
Electrical system Magnetic system Mechanical system
P mech
Electrical loss Field loss Mechanical loss
The energy transfer equation is as follows:
Electrical Mechanical Increase
in Energy
energy input energy stored energy in
from sources output magnetic field losses
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Thank you!
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