CSE1004
NETWORK & COMMUNICATION
Module 1
Networking Principles and layered architecture
Dr. S. Renuka Devi
Associate Professor
SCOPE
VIT Chennai Campus
1
Module Outline
Data Communication - Introduction
Components of Data Communication
Data Flow
Introduction to Network
Network categories
Internet
Network Topologies
Protocols and Standards
Network Models (OSI, TCP/IP)
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Data Communication
Exchange of data between two devices via transmission
medium
The communicating devices must be part of a
communication system made up of a combination of
hardware and software
The effectiveness of a data communications system
depends on four fundamental characteristics:
Delivery
Accuracy
Timeliness
Jitter
3
Components of Data Communication
System
Message
Sender Receiver
Transmission medium
Protocol Protocol
4
Data Flow
Communication between two devices can be
Simplex
Communication is unidirectional
Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit; the other
can only receive
E.g., Keyboards and traditional monitors
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Data Flow
Half-Duplex
Each station can both transmit and receive, but not at the
same time
When one device is sending, the other can only receive, and
vice versa
E.g., Walkie-talkies
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Data Flow contd…
Full-Duplex
Both stations can transmit and receive simultaneously
Signals sharing can occur in two ways:
Either the link must contain two physically separate
transmission paths, one for sending and the other for
receiving
Or the capacity of the channel is divided between signals
traveling in both directions.
E.g., Telephone network
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What is a Network ?
A network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by
communication links
A node can be a computer, printer, or any other device
capable of sending and/or receiving data generated by
other nodes on the network
Network Criteria
Performance
Reliability
Security
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Type of Connections
Point-to-Point
Provides a dedicated link between two devices
The entire capacity of the link is reserved for
transmission between those two devices
Connected via wire, microwave or satellite links
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Type of Connections
Multipoint
More than two specific devices share a single link
The capacity of the channel is shared, either
spatially or temporally
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Categories of Network
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LAN
Privately owned
Links the devices in a
single office, building,
or campus
Limited to a few
kilometers
Data rates are normally
100 or 1000 Mbps 12
WAN
Provides long-distance transmission of data over large
geographic areas
Consists of a number of interconnected switching nodes
Messages are routed through these internal nodes
WANs have been implemented using
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Frame Relay
Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM)
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WAN
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MAN
Network with a size between a LAN and a WAN
It normally covers the area inside a town or a city
It is designed for customers who need a high-speed
connectivity, normally to the Internet, and have
endpoints spread over a city or part of city
Examples include Telephone company network,
Cable TV network
15
Internet
Internet is a computer network that interconnects
hundreds of millions of computing devices throughout the
world
Computing devices – PCs, workstations, servers, laptops,
smart TVs, web cam, gaming consoles, automobiles, home
electrical and security system, and so on
End systems are connected together by a network of
communication links and packet switches
A packet switch takes a packet arriving on one of its
incoming communication links and forwards that packet on
one of its outgoing communication links
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Internet contd…
Router and link layer Switches - most prominent packet
switches
The sequence of communication links and packet switches
traversed by a packet from source to the destination - route or
path
End systems access the Internet through Internet Service
Providers (ISPs),including residential ISPs such as local cable
or telephone companies; corporate ISPs; university ISPs; and
ISPs that provide WiFi access in airports, hotels, coffee shops,
and other public places
Each ISP is in itself a network of packet switches and
communication links 17
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Requirements
Perspectives
Scalable Connectivity
Cost effective resource sharing
Support for common services
Manageability
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Applications
World Wide Web
Email
Online social networking
Streaming audio and video
Instant messaging
File-sharing
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Physical Topology
Physical topology refers to the way in which a network
is laid out physically
It is the geometric representation of the relationship of
all the links and linking devices (nodes) to one another
Four basic topology
Bus
Star
Ring
Mesh
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Bus Topology
Multi-point connection
One long cable acts as a backbone to link all the
devices in a network
Nodes are connected to the bus cable by drop lines
and taps
Signal becomes weaker and weaker as it travels
farther and farther
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Bus Topology
Advantages
Easy to install
Less cabling
Disadvantages
A fault or break in the bus cable stops all transmission
Difficult reconnection and fault isolation
Difficult to add new Devices
Signal reflection at the taps cause degradation in quality
Applications
Ethernet LANs can use a bus topology
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Star Topology
Each device has a dedicated point-
to-point link only to a central
controller, usually called a hub
The devices are not directly linked
to one another
The controller acts as an exchange
The number of links requires with n
nodes is n 24
Star Topology
Advantage
Less Expensive
Easy to install and reconfigure
Less cabling needed
Robust
Easy fault identification and isolation
Disadvantage
Single point of contact
Applications
High-speed LANs often use a star topology with a
central hub 25
Ring Topology
Each device has a dedicated point-to-point connection
with only the two devices on either side of it
A signal is passed along the ring in one direction, from
device to device, until it reaches its destination
Each device in the ring incorporates a repeater
The number of links requires with n nodes is n
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Ring Topology
Advantage
Easy to install and reconfigure
Disadvantage
Unidirectional Traffic
A break in the ring can disable the entire network
Application
IBM’s Token ring network
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Dual Ring Topology
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Mesh Topology
Every device has a dedicated
point-to-point link to every
other device
Dedicated link carries traffic
only between the two devices it
connects
Every device on the network
must have n – 1 I/O ports
The number of links in a fully
connected mesh network with n
nodes is n(n-1) / 2
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Mesh Topology
Advantages
Robust
No traffic problem
Privacy
Easy fault identification and isolation
Disadvantages
No. of links and I/O ports required is high
Expensive
Installation and reconnection are difficult
Applications
Used in the backbone network
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Hybrid Topology
A star backbone with three bus networks
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References
Data Communication and Networking, Behrouz A. Fourozan,
McGraw Hill Education, Fifth Edition, 2012
Computer Networking: A Top Down Approach Featuring the
Internet, J.F.Kurose and K.W. Ross, Sixth Edition, Pearson
Education, 2012
Data and Computer Communications, William Stallings, Eighth
Edition, Pearson Prentice Hall,
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Thank You
