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Engineering Measurement Essentials

Measurements involve comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit of measurement and expressing the result numerically. For measurements to be meaningful, the standard must be accurately defined and commonly accepted, and the apparatus and method used must be reliable. Measurements provide essential feedback information for engineering design, operation, and maintenance activities. Direct measurement methods express results numerically, while indirect methods use transducers to convert measurements into analogous signals that are then processed and reported. Measurement instruments serve as extensions of human senses, allowing determination of unknown quantities. Early instruments were mechanical, then electrical incorporating mechanics, and now most use electronics for fast response needed in modern applications.

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81 views9 pages

Engineering Measurement Essentials

Measurements involve comparing an unknown quantity to a standard unit of measurement and expressing the result numerically. For measurements to be meaningful, the standard must be accurately defined and commonly accepted, and the apparatus and method used must be reliable. Measurements provide essential feedback information for engineering design, operation, and maintenance activities. Direct measurement methods express results numerically, while indirect methods use transducers to convert measurements into analogous signals that are then processed and reported. Measurement instruments serve as extensions of human senses, allowing determination of unknown quantities. Early instruments were mechanical, then electrical incorporating mechanics, and now most use electronics for fast response needed in modern applications.

Uploaded by

prasanthi
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Measurements

. The .measurement of a given quantity is essentially an act or the result of


comparison between
the quantity (whose magnitude is unknown) and a predefined standard.
Since two quantities are
compared the result. is expressed in numerical values. . . .
In order that the results of the measurement are meaningful, there are two
basic requirements :
(i) The standard used for comparison purposes must be accurately defined
and should be commonly accepted, ·
and({;)
The apparatus used and the method adopted must be provable
Significance of Measurements
to examine the type of measurements
which the data is acquired by measurements and is processed

There are two major functions of all branches of engineering :


1Design of equipment and processes,
2 Proper operation and maintenance of equipment. . . .
Both these functions require measurements.
This is because proper and
1economical design,
2.operation and
3maintenance ( require a feedback .of . Information).
This information is supplied ( measurements.)
Methods of Measurement
Direct Methods
expressed as a numerical number and a unit.
Indiiled Methods
Measurement by direct methods are not always possible and feasible

In engineering applications Measurement Systems are used.


These measurement systems use
indirect methods for measurement purposes

Procedure:Transducing element which converts the quantity to be


measured in an analogous form.
A measurement system consists .. of a transducing element
which converts the quantity to be
measured in an analogous form.\ . The analogous signal is then
processed by some intermediate means
and is. then fed to the end devices\which present the results of
the measurement.
Instrument
Measurement generally involves using an instrument as a
physical means of determining a
quantity or variable. The. instrument serves as an extension of
human faculties and enables the · man
to determine the value of an unknown quantity which his
unaided human faculties cannot measure.·
An instrument may be defined as a device for determining the·
value or magnitude of a
quantity or variable
Mechanical, Electrical and Electronic Instruments
The first instruments were mechanical in nature and the principles on which these instruments
worked are even in vogue today. The earliest scientific instrumpnts used the same three essential
elements as our modern instruments do.
These elem~nt~ are,: ,
(i) a detector, (ii) an intermediate transfer device, and (iii) an indicator, recorder or a storage

device.

The bistory of development of instruments. :


{l) mechanical instruments. (il) electrical instruments.

(i(i) electronic instruments.

1'5'1. mechanical instruments. ·These instruments are very reliable for static and stable
conditions. But they suffer from a very major disadvantage. ·
Electrical Instruments : Electrical methods. indicating the output
of detectors are
more rapid 'than mechanical methods.
but electrical system normally depends
upon a mechanical meter inovement.as indicating. device
Electronic Instruments: These -days most of tie scientific and
industrial measurements
require very fast· responses.
The ·mechanical and electrical instruments and systems cannot
cope up
with these requirements.
The necessity to step up response time and & also the detection
of dynamic changes
in certain parameters,. which require . the , monitoring time of
tbe order of mS and many a times μS , ( electronic
instruements and associated circuitry.

These require semiconductor devices

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