MANAGEMENT
AND COST
ACCOUNTING
SIXTH EDITION
COLIN DRURY
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2004 Colin Drury
Part Four:
Information for planning, control and performance
Chapter Fifteen:
The budgeting process
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.1
Fig 15.1 An overview of the
planning process
1. Identify the objectives of the
organization.
2. Identify potential strategies.
3. Evaluate alternative
strategic options.
4. Select course of action.
5. Implement the long-term
plan in the form of the annual
budget.
6. Monitor actual results.
7. Respond to divergencies
from plan.
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.2a
Why do we produce budgets?
1. To aid the planning of actual operations:
• by forcing managers to consider how conditions might
change and what steps should be taken now.
• by encouraging managers to consider problems before
they arise.
2. To co-ordinate the activities of the organization:
• by compelling managers to examine relationships
between their own operation and those of other
departments.
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.2b
Why do we produce budgets?
3. To communicate plans to various responsibility centre managers:
• everyone in the organization should have a clear
understanding of the part they are expected to play in
achieving the annual budget.
• by ensuring appropriate individuals are made
accountable for implementing the budget.
4. To motivate managers to strive to achieve the budget goals:
• by focusing on participation
• by providing a challenge/target.
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.2c
5. To control activities:
• by comparison of actual with budget (attention
directing/management by exception).
6. To evaluate the performance of managers:
• by providing a means of informing managers of how
well they are performing in meeting targets they
have previously set.
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.3
Stages in the budgeting process
1.Communicate details of budget policy and guidelines to those people responsible
for preparing the budget.
2. Determine the factor that restricts output.
3. Preparation of the sales budget.
4. Initial preparation of budgets.
5. Negotiation of budgets with higher management. (See figure on slide 15.4)
6. Co-ordination and review of budgets.
7. Final acceptance of budgets.
8. Ongoing review of the budgets.
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.4
Fig 15.4 An illustration of budgets moving up the organizational hierarchy.
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.5a
Activity-based budgeting (ABB)
• Conventional budgeting is inappropriate for those activities where
the consumption of resources does not vary proportionately with the
volume of the final output of products or services.
• For support activities conventional incremental budgets merely
serve as authorization levels for certain levels of spending.
• Incremental budgeting results in the cost of non-unit level activities
becoming fixed.
• ABB aims to authorize only the supply of those resources that are
needed to perform activities required to meet budgeted production
and sales volumes.
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.5b
• The ABB process is the reverse of the ABC process:
Budgeted output of cost objects
Determine the necessary activities
Determine the resources required for the budget period
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.6a
ABB involves the following stages:
1. Estimate the production and sales volume by individual products and
customers.
2. Estimate the demand for organizational activities.
(e.g.Process 5,000 customers’ orders for the customer order
processing activity)
3. Determine the resources that are required to perform organizational
activities.
(e.g.0.5 hours per order = 5,000 × 0.5 hours =
2,500 labour hours for the customer processing
activity must be supplied)
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.6b
4. Estimate for each resource the quantity that must be supplied to meet
the demand.
(e.g.Assume a step cost function with each
person employed contracted to work 1,500 hours
per year so that quantity of resources required =
2,500/1,500 =1.67 persons meaning that 2
persons must be employed)
5.Take action to adjust the capacity of resources to match the projected
supply.
(e.g If 3 persons are presently employed on the
activity resources must be reduced,or redeployed,
by one person)
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.7a
• Periodically actual results should be compared with an adjusted
(flexible)
budget.
Example
Budgeted activity for processing orders = 2,800 orders
Orders processed per person = 600
Resources required = 4.67 persons
Resources supplied
(practical capacity for 3,000 orders) = 5 persons
Employment costs (£25,000 per person per year) = £125,000
Cost driver rate (£125,000/3,000 orders) = £41.67
Actual orders processed for the period = 2,500 orders
Performance report:
Flexed budget (2,500 ×£41.67 ) = £104,175
Budgeted unused capacity (3,000 — 2,800)× £41.67 = 8,334
Unplanned unused capacity (2,800 –2,500)× £41.67 = 12,491
125,000
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.7b
• Above represent committed resources but for flexible resources
(e.g.office supplies) resources supplied can be matched exactly to
resources demanded.
• See sheet 8 for an illustration of an activity-based budget for an order
processing activity.
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
15.8
Exhibit 15.1 Activity-based budget for an order receiving process
Management and Cost Accounting, 6th edition, ISBN 1-84480-028-8
© 2000 Colin Drury
© 2004 Colin Drury
