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Understanding Quantitative Research Variables

This document discusses quantitative research and different types of variables. It defines independent and dependent variables, and explains that independent variables are manipulated by the researcher while dependent variables are measured outcomes. Controlled and intervening variables are also described. Examples are provided to illustrate different types of variables. The document also discusses levels of measurement for variables, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Examples are given to demonstrate which level of measurement each uses.

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Lyka Ramos
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59 views13 pages

Understanding Quantitative Research Variables

This document discusses quantitative research and different types of variables. It defines independent and dependent variables, and explains that independent variables are manipulated by the researcher while dependent variables are measured outcomes. Controlled and intervening variables are also described. Examples are provided to illustrate different types of variables. The document also discusses levels of measurement for variables, including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales. Examples are given to demonstrate which level of measurement each uses.

Uploaded by

Lyka Ramos
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Day 2

Nature of Quantitative Research


Practical Research 2
Ob je c ti ves
At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

Day 2:
 Illustrate or draw the importance of quantitative
research across fields; and
 Differentiate the kinds of variables and their uses.
• A variable, as opposed to a constant, is
anything that can vary, or be expressed as

Va ri a bl es more than one value, or is in various values or


categories (Simon, 2006).

• Quantitative designs have at least two types


of variables: independent and dependent
(Creswell, 2004).

• Independent variable (x-value) can be


manipulated, measured, or selected prior to
measuring the outcome or dependent variable
(y-value).
Types of
• Independent variable also called the
manipulated variable.

Variables • The condition that is intentionally changed by


the researcher of a study.

• In a simple or basic research: there could only


be one independent variable. However, some
research may have up to two to four
independent variables.
Types of
• Dependent variable also called the responding
variable.

Variables • The factors or conditions that will change as a


result of the independent variable

• The factors that you measure or observe as


data.

• There can be one or more dependent variables in an


experiment
EXAMPLE #1
Types of “How stress affects mental state of human beings?”

Variables Independent Dependent


variable variable
EXAMPLE #2
Promotion affects employees’ motivation

Independent Dependent
variable variable
Types of
Variables • Controlled variable

• The factors or conditions that are kept the


same (unchanged) in an experiment/ research.
Types of
• Intervening or moderating variables affect
some variables and are affected by other variables.

Variables • They influence the outcome or results and


should be controlled as much as possible
through statistical tests and included in the
design (Sproull, 1995; 2004).

• (ANCOVA) may be used to statistically control


for extraneous variables. This approach
adjusts for group differences on the
moderating variable (called a covariate) that
existed before the start of the experiment.
EXAMPLE #1
Types of Determining the effect of video clips on learning
ability of students

Variables
 Association between the video
clips and learning ability needs to
be explained
Broad
Intervening variables such as anxiety, motivation,
fatigue, etc.

Intervening variables

Video clip Learning ability


EXAMPLE #2
Types of Higher education typically leads to higher income

Variables Independent Dependent


variable variable

Better occupation

Higher
Higher income
education
Could be
translated as

Levels of Data Variable


Measurement  Responses

as a Variable
 Observations
 Measurements

Ratio
Absolute zero
Level Interval Distance is meaningful
Ordinal Attributes can be ordered

Nominal Attributes are only named; weakest


Determine which of the four levels of measurements
(NOMINAL, ORDINAL, INTERVAL and RATIO) is used.
Levels of
Measurement 1. Ratings of excellent, above average, average, below average or poor for Shakey’s new
pizza

as a Variable
2. Nicotine content (in milligrams) of Lucky strike cigarettes
3. Temperatures (in degree Celsius)
4. Zip codes
5. Annual income of teachers
6. Final grades (A, B, C, D, E) for mathematics students
7. SSS numbers
8. Years in which liberal Party won the presidential elections
9. Colors of a sample of Binitin Shirts
10. Cars described as compact, intermediate or full size
Thank you!
E nd o f t od a y ’ s
lesson

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