Discrete-Time Signal processing

Chapter 3 the Z-transform

21/11/19
 Chapter 3 The z-Transform

3.0 Introduction
3.1 z-Transform
3.2 Properties of the Region of
Convergence for the z-transform
3.3 The inverse z-Transform
3.4 z-Transform Properties

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 3.0 Introduction

Fourier transform plays a key role in analyzing

and representing discrete-time signals and
systems, but does not converge for all signals.
Continuous systems: Laplace transform is a
generalization of the Fourier transform.
Discrete systems : z-transform, generalization
of DTFT, converges for a broader class of
signals.
3 21/11/19
 3.0 Introduction
Motivation of z-transform:
The Fourier transform does not
converge for all sequences and it is
useful to have a generalization of the
Fourier transform.
In analytical problems the z-Transform
notation is more convenient than the
Fourier transform notation.

4 21/11/19
 3.1 z-Transform
z-Transform: two-sided, bilateral z-transform

X  z   x  n z
n 
n
Z  x[n]
Z
x[n]  X  z 
one-sided, unilateral z-transform

X  z    x n z n

n 0
If z e jw
, z-transform is Fourier transform.

X e jw
   x  n e  jwn
n 
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Relationship between z-transform and
Fourier transform
Express the complex variable z in polar
form as jw
z  re
     x n r e

jw n  jwn
X re
n  

The Fourier transform of the product of x n 

n
and the exponential sequence r
X e
If r  1, X  Z   jw

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 Complex z plane
  w    unit circle

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 Region of convergence (ROC)
For any given sequence, the set of values of z
for which the z-transform converges is called
the Region Of Convergence (ROC).
z  re jw

     x nr e
 
X  z   x  n z  n X re jw n  jwn
n 
n  

Absolute X  re jw
   x  n r n

Summability n 

X  z    x  n z
n

n0
the ROC consists of all values of z such that the
inequality in the above holds
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 Region of convergence (ROC)

X  z    x  n z
n

n0
Convergence of the z-transform for a given
sequence depends only on r  z .
if some value of z, say,
z =z1, is in the ROC,
then all values of z on the
circle defined by |z|=|z1|
z1
will also be in the ROC.
if ROC includes unit circle, then Fourier transform and all its
derivatives with respect to w must be continuous functions of
 Zero and pole
The z-transform is most useful when the
infinite sum can be expressed in closed form,
usually a ratio of polynomials in z (or z -1).

P z 
X  z 
Q z 

Zero: The value of z for which X  z  0

Pole: The value of z for which X  z  

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 Example 3.1:
Right-sided exponential sequence
Determine the z-transform, including the ROC in z-plane
and a sketch of the pole-zero-plot, for sequence:

x n  a u n
n

Solution:   1 z
X  z    a z    az  
n n 1 n
1

n 0 n 0 1  az za
1
ROC: az  1 or z  a

zero : z  0 pole : z  a
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 x n  a u n
n

z
X  z 
za
: zeros
 : poles for z  a
Gray region: ROC
12 21/11/19
 Ex. 3.2 Left-sided exponential sequence
Determine the z-transform, including the ROC, pole-zero-plot, for sequence:

x n  a u  n  1
n

Solution:  1
X  z     a u  n  1 z
n n
 a z n n

n  n 
  1
  a z    a z    a z z
n n 1 n

1

n 1 n 1 1 a z z  a
ROC: z  a, zero : z  0 pole : z  a
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 x n   a u  n  1
n

z
X  z 
za

for z  a

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Ex. 3.3 Sum of two exponential sequences
Determine the z-transform, including the ROC, pole-zero-plot,
for sequence:
n n
1  1
x  n    u  n     u  n
Solution: 2  3
  1 n  1
n
  n
X  z      u  n      u  n   z
n   2   3 
 n  n
1  1
    u  n z      u  n z  n
n

n   2  n   3
 n  n
 1 1   1 1 
  z      z 
15 n 0  2
21/11/19  n   3 
 Example 3.3:
Sum of two exponential sequences
 n  n
 1 1   1 1 
X  z   z      z 
n 0  2  n   3 
 1
1 1 2 z  z  
   12 
1 1 1 1   1   1 
1 z 1 z 1  z 1
1  z 1
2 3    
 2  3 
1 1 1
ROC: z  and z   ROC : z 
2 3 2
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 1
1 1
1 z
2

1
1 1  1
1 z 2z  z  
3  12 
 1 1   1 1 
1  z  1  z 
 2  3 
n n
1  1
x  n    u  n     u  n
2  3
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 Example 3.4: Sum of two exponential

   
n n
1  1 xn a un
n
x  n    u  n     u  n
2  3
z
Solution:
n  
X z 
1 Z 1 1 z  a
  u n   , z 
2 1 1 2 for z  a
1 z
n 2
 1 Z 1 1
   u n  , z 
 3 1 1 3
1 z
3
n n
1  1 Z 1 1 1
  u n      u n    , z 
2  3 1 1 1 1 2
1 z 1 z
18 21/11/19 2 3 ROC:
 1
1 1
1 z
2

1
1 1  1
1 z 2z  z  
3  12 
 1 1   1 1 
1  z  1  z 
 2  3 
n n
1  1
x  n    u  n     u  n
2  3
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 Example 3.5:
Two-sided exponential sequence
x n  a u  n  1
n n n
 1 1
x n     u n    u  n  1
 3 2 z
Solution: n X  z 
 1 Z
   u n  
1
, z 
1 za
 3 1 1 3
1 z for z  a
3
n
1 Z 1 1
   u  n  1  , z
2 1 1 2
1 z
2  1
2 z z  
1 1  12  1 1
X  z    ROC :  z 
1 1 1 1  1 1  1 1  3 2
1 z 1 z 1  z 1  z 
3 2  3  2 
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  1
2 z z  
1 1  12  1 1
X  z    ROC :  z 
1 1 1 1  1 1  1 1  3 2
1 z 1 z 1  z 1  z 
3 2  3  2 
n n
 1 1
x n     u n    u  n  1
 3 2

ROC, pole-zero-plot

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 Finite-length sequence
N2
X  z   x  n z
n  N1
n

Example :

x n    n    n  5

X  z  1 z 5
ROC : z  0

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 Example 3.6: Finite-length sequence
Determine the z-transform, including the ROC, pole-zero-plot,
for sequence:

a n , 0  n  N  1
x n  
 0, otherwise
Solution: N 1 N 1
X  z  a z n n
   az 
1 n

n0 n 0

1   az 
1 N
1 z a N N
  N 1
1  az 1
z za ROC : z  0
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 N=16, a is real

1 z a N N
X  z   N 1 ROC : z  0
z za
pole-zero-plot

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 z-transform pairs
  n  1, ROC : all z
1
u  n  1
, ROC : z  1
1 z
1
 u   n  1  1
, ROC : z  1
1 z
  n  m  z m
,
ROC : all z except 0  if m  0  or   if m  0 

25 21/11/19
 z-transform pairs
1
a u  n 
n
1
, ROC : z  a
1  az
1
 a u   n  1 
n
1
, ROC : z  a
1  az
1
az
na u  n 
n
, ROC : z  a
1  az 1 2

1
az
 na u   n  1 
n
, ROC : z  a
1  az  1 2

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 z-transform pairs
1   cos w0  z 1
 cos w0 n u  n  , ROC : z  1
1  2 cos w0  z  z
1 2

 cos w0 n u  n 
1
2
e jw0n
e
 jw0n
 u  n
1 1 1 
 jw0 1
  jw0 1 
2  1 e z 1 e z 

 sin w0 n u  n 
 sin w0  z 1 , ROC : z  1
1  2 cos w0  z  z
1 2

27 21/11/19
 z-transform pairs
1  r cos w 
r n cos w0n u  n  1   2r cos w  z 01  r 2 z 2 ,
 z 1
ROC : z  r
0

2
r e 
1 n jw0n n  jw0n
 r cos w0 n  u  n   r e u  n 
1 1 1 
 jw0 1
  jw0 1 
2  1  re z 1  re z 

r n

sin w0 n u  n 
 r sin w0  z 1 , ROC : z  r
1   2r cos w0  z  r z
1 2 2

28 21/11/19
 z-transform pairs

a , 0  n  N  1
n
1 a z N N

  1
,
 0, otherwise 1  az
ROC : z  0

29 21/11/19
 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the
z-transform
Property 1: The ROC is a ring or disk in
the z-plane centered at the origin.
0  rR  z  rL  
For a given x[n], ROC is
dependent only on z .
rR u  n   rL a u  n  1
n n

1 1
1
 1
, ROC : rR  z  rL
1  rR z 1  rL z
 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the
z-transform
Property 2: The Fourier transform of x n
converges absolutely if the ROC of
the z-transform of
xn  
includes the
unit circle.
The z-transform reduces to the Fourier
transform when z  1 ie. z  e jw
 
X  z    x n  z n
X e jw
   x  n e  jwn

n 0 n 

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 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the
z-transform

Property 3: The ROC cannot contain

any poles.

 X  z  is infinite at a pole and therefore

does not converge.

P z
X  z    x  n z n

n 0 Q z

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 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the
z-transform
 
Property 4: If x n is a finite-duration
sequence, i.e., a sequence that is zero
except in a finite interval : N1  n  N 2

 then the ROC is the entire z-plane,

except possible z  0 or z  
N2
X  z  a z
n  N1
n n

33 21/11/19
 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the z-transform

Property 5: If x nis a right-sided sequence,

i.e., a sequence that is zero for n  N1  ,
the ROC extends outward from the outermost
finite pole in X  z  to (may including) z  
N
   Ak  dk 
n
Proof: x n  , n  N1 ,
k 1

N1 N1

if r  d N  d N 1    d1 , i.e. r  d N
34 21/11/19
 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the z-
transform
Property 6: If x n is a left-sided sequence,
i.e., a sequence that is zero for n  N 2  ,
the ROC extends inward from the innermost
nonzero pole in X  z  to z  0 .
N
   Ak  dk 
n
Proof: x n  , n  N2 ,
k 1
n  N2 n  N2

n   n  
r  dk ,
35
r  d1 ,  , r  d N ,
21/11/19
r  d1
Zhongguo Liu_Biomedical Engineering_Shandong Univ.
 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the
z-transform
Property 5: If x n is a right-sided
sequence, i.e., a sequence that is zero
for n  N1   , the ROC extends
outward from the outermost finite pole
in X  z  to (possibly including) z  
N
x  n    Ak  d k 
n
Proof: n  N1
N k 1
  Ak  d k  u  n  ,
n
if N1  0, ie. n  0
k 1
 Property 5: right-sided sequence
N N
x  n    Ak  d k    Ak  d k  u  n  ,
n n
n0
k 1 k 1

Ak  d k  u  n 
n
for the z-transform:

Ak
A d 
n n
k k z  1
, z  r  dk
n0 1  dk z
For other terms:
r  d1 ,  , r  d N ROC
r  dN
if d N  d N 1    d1
37 21/11/19
 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the
z-transform
Property 6: If x n is a left-sided
sequence, i.e., a sequence that is zero
for n  N 2   , the ROC extends
inward from the innermost nonzero pole
in X  z  to z  0
N
x  n    Ak  d k 
n
Proof: n  N2
N k 1

  Ak  d k  u   n  1 ,
n
if N 2  0, ie. n  0
38 k 1 21/11/19 Zhongguo Liu_Biomedical Engineering_Shandong Univ.
 Property 6: left-sided sequence
N N
x  n    Ak  d k    Ak  d k  u  n  1
n n

k 1 k 1
n0
for Ak    d k  u   n  1  the z-transform:
n
 
1
Ak
  A  d  z  z  r  dk
n n
1
,
1  dk z
k k
n 

For other terms: ROC

r  d1 ,  , r  d N r  d1
39 21/11/19
 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the
z-transform
Property 7: A two-sided sequence is
an infinite-duration sequence that is
neither right-sided nor left-sided.
If x  n  is a two-sided sequence, the
ROC will consist of a ring in the z-
plane, bounded on the interior and
exterior by a pole and not containing
any poles.

40 21/11/19
 3.2 Properties of the ROC for the
z-transform
Property 8: ROC must be a connected region.
for finite-duration sequence
ROC:
z 
0  z   possible z   0
for right-sided sequence
ROC: rR  z   possible z  
for left-sided sequence
ROC: 0  z  rL possible z0
for two-sided sequence rR  z  rL
41 21/11/19
 Example: Different possibilities of
the ROC define different sequences

A system with three poles

42 21/11/19
 Different possibilities of the ROC.

(b) ROC to a (c) ROC to a

right-sided sequence left-handed sequence
43 21/11/19
 Unit-circle
included

(d) ROC to a (e) ROC to another

two-sided two-sided sequence
44
sequence.
21/11/19
 LTI system Stability, Causality, and ROC
A z-transform does not uniquely determine
a sequence without specifying the ROC
It’s convenient to specify the ROC implicitly
through time-domain property of a sequence
Consider a LTI system with impulse response
h[n]. The z-transform of h[n] is called the
system function H (z) of the LTI system.
stable system(h[n] is absolutely summable
and therefore has a Fourier transform): ROC
include unit-circle.
causal system (h[n]=0,for n<0) : right sided
45 21/11/19
 Ex. 3.7 Stability, Causality, and the ROC
Consider a LTI system with impulse response
h[n]. The z-transform of h[n] i.e. the system
function H (z) has the pole-zero plot shown in
Figure. Determine the ROC, if the system is:

(1) stable system: (ROC

include unit-circle)

(2) causal system: (right

sided sequence)

46 21/11/19 Zhongguo Liu_Biomedical Engineering_Shandong Univ.

 Ex. 3.7 Stability, Causality, and the ROC
Solution: (1) stable system (ROC include unit-circle),
1
ROC:  z  2 , the impulse response is
2
two-sided, system is non-causal. stable.

47 21/11/19
 Ex. 3.7 Stability, Causality, and the ROC

(2) causal system: (right sided sequence)

ROC: z  2 ,the impulse response is right-

sided. system is causal but unstable.

 A system is causal
1
and stable if all the 2 2
poles are inside the
unit circle.
48 21/11/19
 Ex. 3.7 Stability, Causality, and the ROC
1
ROC: z  , the impulse response is left-
2
sided, system is non-causal, unstable since
the ROC does not include unit circle.

49 21/11/19
 3.3 The Inverse Z-Transform
Formal inverse z-transform is based on
a Cauchy integral theorem.
1

n 1
xn   X ( z ) z dz c  ROC
2 j c
j Im[ z ]

rR rL
0 Re[ z ]

50 21/11/19
 3.3 The Inverse Z-Transform

Less formal ways are sufficient

and preferable in finding the
inverse z-transform. :
Inspection method
Partial fraction expansion
Power series expansion

51 21/11/19
 3.3 The inverse z-Transform
3.3.1 Inspection Method

1Z
a u  n 
n
1
, z a
1  az
1 1
X  z  , z
1 1 2
1 z
2
n
1
x n    u n
2
52 21/11/19
 3.3 The inverse z-Transform
3.3.1 Inspection Method
Z 1
a u  n  1 
n
1
, z a
1  az
1 1
X  z  , z
1 1 2
1 z
2
n
1
x n    u  n  1
2
53 21/11/19
 3.3 The inverse z-Transform
3.3.2 Partial Fraction Expansion
M M M

k
b z k
z N  bk z M  k
b0  k 
1  c z 1

X  z  k 0
N
 k 0
N
 k 0
N

 1 d z 
a0
a z
k 0
k
k
z M
a z
k 0
k
N k

k 0
k
1

N
Ak
 1
if M  N
k 1 1  d k z

where Ak   1  d k z 1
 X  z  z d
54 21/11/19 k
 Example 3.8
Second-Order z-Transform
1 1
X  z  , z 
 1 1   1 1  2
1  z  1  z 
 4  2 
A1 A2
X  z  
 1 1   1 1 
1  z  1  z 
 4   2 
 1 1 
A1  1  z  X  z   1
 4  z
1
 1 1 
4 A2  1  z  X  z  2
 2  z
1
55 21/11/19 2 Univ.
Zhongguo Liu_Biomedical Engineering_Shandong
 Example 3.8
Second-Order z-Transform

1 2 1
X  z   , z
 1 1   1 1  2
 1  z  1  z 
 4   2 

n n
1 1
x n  2  u n    u n
2 4

56 21/11/19
 Inverse Z-Transform by Partial Fraction Expansion

b z k
k

X  z  k 0
N
if M  N
a z
k 0
k
k

M N N
Ak
X  z    Br z   r
1
r 0 k 1 1  d k z
Br is obtained by long division
57 21/11/19
 Inverse Z-Transform by Partial
Fraction Expansion
if M>N, and X  z  has a pole of order s at d=di
M N N
Ak s
Cm
X z    r
B z r
  
r 0 k 1,k  i 1  dk z
1
m 1 1  d z
i 1
 m

Br is obtained by long division


Ak  1  dk z 1
X z  z  dk

1  d s m  1  
 s  m  1  d i w  X  w   
s
Cm 
 s  m  ! di 
s m
 dw w di1
58 21/11/19
 Example 3.9:
Inverse by Partial Fractions

X  z 
1 2z  z1

2

1 z 1 2
 , z 1
3 1 1  2  1 1 
1 z  z
2 2

1  z  1  z
1

 2 

59 21/11/19
 1 2
1 2z  z A1 A2
X  z   B0  
3 1 1 2 1 1 1  z 1
1 z  z 1 z
2 2 2
2
1  2 3 1 2 1
z  z 1 z  2z 1
2 2 2 1
z  3z  2
1
5z  1
1
1  5z
X  z  2 
 1 1 
 1  z  1 
 z 1

 2 
60 21/11/19
 1  5 z 1 A1 A2
X  z  2   2 
 1 1  1  1

1  z   1  z 
1
1 z 1 1 z
 2  2
 
 1  5z 1
 
1 1 
A1    1  z   9

  2   
 1  1 z 1  1  z 1  2 
 1
z
2
 
  1  5z 1 
A2    1  z    8
1

 1  1 z 1 1  z 1  

  2   
61 21/11/19 z 1
 9 8
X  z  2   , z 1
 1 1   1  z 1 
1  z 
 2 
n
1 1
2  2  n
Z   u n
Z

 1 1   2
1  z 
1  2 

Z
u  n 
1 z 1
 n
1
x n  2  n  9  u n  8u n
2
62 21/11/19
 LTI system Stability, Causality, and ROC
Review x n y n 
h n
For a LTI system with impulse response
h[n], if it is causal, what do we know about
h[n]? Is h[n] one-sided or two-sided
sequence? Left-sided or right-sided?
Then what do we know about the ROC of the
system function H (z)?

If the poles of H (z) are all in the unit circle, is the
system stable?
63 21/11/19
 LTI system Stability, Causality, and ROC
For H (z) with the poles as shown in figure ,
1
H  z 
 1  az   1  bz   1  cz 
Review 1 1 1

can we uniquely determine h[n] ?

If ROC of H(z) is as shown Unit-circle
included
in figure, can we uniquely
determine h[n] ?

is the system stable ?

21/11/19 Zhongguo Liu_Biomedical Engineering_Shandong Univ.

 LTI system Stability, Causality, and ROC
For H (z) with the poles as shown in figure ,
1
Review H  z 
 1  az 1
 1  bz 1
 1  cz 1

If the system is causal
(h[n]=0,for n<0,right-sided ),
What’s the ROC like?

If ROC is as shown in

figure, is h[n] one-sided or
two-sided? Is the system
causal or stable?
21/11/19 Zhongguo Liu_Biomedical Engineering_Shandong Univ.
 3.3 The Inverse Z-Transform
Review
Inspection method
Partial fraction expansion
Power series expansion
  n  1, ROC : all z
1
a u  n 
n
1
, ROC : z  a
1  az
1
 a u   n  1 
n
1
, ROC : z  a
1  az
66 21/11/19
 Review
Partial Fraction Expansion
if M>N, and X  z  has a pole of order s at d=di
M N N
Ak s
Cm
X z   B z r
  
r 0
r
k 1,k  i 1  dk z 1

m 1 1  d z
i
1
 m

Br is obtained by long division


Ak  1  dk z 1 X z  z  d  k

1  d s m  1  
 s  m  1  d i w  X  w   
s
Cm 
 s  m  ! di 
s m
 dw w di1
67 21/11/19
 3.3 The inverse z-Transform

3.3.3 Power Series Expansion

n 
X  z   x  n z
n 
n

   x  2 z  x  1 z  x  0  x  1 z  x  2 z  
2 1 1 2

68 21/11/19
 Example 3.10:
Finite-Length Sequence
2  1 1 
 
1 2 1
 1 1
X  z   z 1  z  1  z 1  z  z  z  1  z
1

 2  2 2
 1, n  2
 1
 , n  1
 2
x n    1, n  0
 1
 2 , n 1
 0, otherwise

1 1
x n    n  2    n  1    n    n  1
69 21/11/19 2 2
 Ex. 3.11: Inverse Transform by power
series expansion
X  z   log  1  az 1
, z a
n 1 n
(1) x 
log  1  x   x  x  x  x    
1
2
2 1
3
3 1
4
4

n 1 n
x 1 n 1 n  n

(1) a z
X  z   , az  11

n 1 n
 n 1 a
n
 1 , n 1 n 1 a
n
x ( n)   n   1 u  n  1
 0, n
 n 1
70 21/11/19
 Example 3.12: Power Series
Expansion by Long Division
1
X  z 
Z
1
, z  a  a u  n
n
1  az
1 2 2
1  az  a z
1  az 1
1 1 1 2 2
1
 1  az  a z  
1  az 1 1  az
1
az
1
az  a z 2 2 x n  a u n
n

2 2
71 21/11/19
a z 
 Example 3.13: Power Series Expansion for
a Left-sided Sequence
1
X  z 
Z
1
, za  a u  n  1
n
1  az
1 2 2
a z  a z
1 1 2 2
 az 1  1 1 1
 a z  a z  
1  az
1  a 1 z
1
a z
1
a za z 2 2 x n  a u  n  1
n

a 2 z 2 
72 21/11/19
 3.4 z-Transform Properties
x n  X  z  ,
Z
ROC  Rx
3.4.1 Linearity

x1  n  X 1  z  ,
Z
ROC  Rx1
x2  n  X 2  z  ,
Z
ROC  Rx2

ax1  n   bx2  n   aX 1  z   bX 2  z 

Z

ROC contains (may more than) Rx1  Rx2

73 21/11/19
 Example of Linearity
x  n  a u  n  a u  n  N 
n n

1
a u  n  
n Z
1
, ROC : z  a
1  az
N N
a z
a u  n  N  
n Z
1
, ROC : z  a
1  az
N N
1 a z
1
 1
 a u  n   a u  n  N 
Z n n

1  az 1  az

 1  1az az  1aazz

1 1 2 
12 2 2
az a z a
N 1   N 

N1 1  N 1
z  z 0

74 21/11/19 1  az 1
 3.4.2 Time Shifting
x  n  n0   z Z  n0
X  z
 n0is an integer
 n0 is positive, x n is shifted right
 n0 is negative, x n is shifted left

 except for the possible addition 

ROC  Rx  
 or deletion of z  0 or z   

75 21/11/19
 Time Shifting: Proof
if y n  x n  n0 

Y  z   x n  n0  z
n  
n Let m  n  n0

Y  z   x  m z
m 
 m  n0 


z  n0
 x  m z
m 
m
z  n0
X  z
76 21/11/19
 Example 3.14:
Shifted Exponential Sequence
n
X  z 
1 1  1
, z     u  n 
Z
1 4 4
z
4  
1  1 
X  z 
z
 4 
4 X  z  z 
1

1 1 1 1  1  1 z 1 
1 z 1 z  
4 4  4 
n 1
1
x n    u n  1
n
1
x  n   4  n   4   u  n 
4 4
77 21/11/19
 3.4.3 Multiplication by an
Exponential sequence
z x n  X  z / z0  , ROC  z0 Rx
n
0
Z

if Rx is rR  z  rL , z0 Rx is z0 rR  z  z0 rL

if z0  e jw0
ze jw

e jw0 n
x n  X e
F
 j  w  w0 
 : AM
78 21/11/19
 Example 3.15:
Exponential Multiplication
1
u  n   1
,Z
z 1
1 z
x  n   r cos  w0 n  u  n 
n

1 1  jw0
  
u  n   re  u  n
n n
 re jw0

2 2
1
1
  u  n   2
n
re jw0 Z
jw0 1
, z r
2 1  re z
79 21/11/19
 1 1  jw0
x  n   re   
u  n   re  u  n
jw0 n n

2 2
1
1  jw0
  u  n   2
n
re Z
 jw0 1
, z r
2 1  re z
1 1
X  z  2  2
jw0 1  jw0 1
1  re z 1  re z


 1  r cos w0 z 
1

, z  r
1 2 2
1  2r cos w0 z  r z
80 21/11/19
 3.4.4 Differentiation of X(z)
dX  z 
nx  n    zZ
, ROC  Rx
dz

X  z   x n  z
n  
n

dX  z  
z   z   n  x  n  z  n 1

dz n 

  nx  n z n
 Z  nx  n  
n 
81 21/11/19
 Example 3.16:
Inverse of Non-Rational z-Transform
X  z   log 1  az , 1
 z a
dX  z   az 2
 1
dz 1  az
nx  n    z
Z dX  z  
az 1
, z a
1
dz 1  (a) z

nx  n   a  a  u  n  1
n 1
Loo
k
 
n
a
  1 u n  1  log 1  az ,
n 1 1
Z
z a
82 n
21/11/19
 Example 3.17: Second-Order Pole
x n  na u n  n a u n
n
 n

1
a u n 
n Z
1
, z a
1  az
d  1 
X  z  z  1 
, z a
dz  1  az 
az 1
 , z a
1  az  1 2

1
az
na u n 
n Z
, z a
83 21/11/19
1  az  1 2
3.4.5 Conjugation of a complex Sequence

x  n   X
* Z *
z ,
*
ROC  Rx

X  z   x n z
n  
n

 
   
n 

 x  n z     x  n z 
 n 

  n   
n   

 
 n 
   x  n  z    X  z 
 

 n  
Xz  
84 21/11/19
 3.4. 6 Time Reversal

x  n   X
* Z *
 z
1 * , ROC  1
Rx

Rx : rR  z  rL  1 : 1 rL  z  1 rR
Rx

if x  n  is real or we do not conjugate x  n 

x  n  X 1 , ROC  1
z
Z
 
Rx

85 21/11/19
 Example 3.18:
Time-Reverse Exponential Sequence
1
x n   a u   n 
n
a u  n  
n Z
1
, z a
1  az
Z
z
 
x  n  X 1 , ROC  1
Rx

1 1
1 a z
X  z   1 1
, z a 1

1  az 1  a z
86 21/11/19
 3.4. 7 Convolution of Sequences

x1  n  x2  n  X 1  z  X 2  z  , ROC contains Rx1  Rx2

Z


y n  x1  n * x2  n   x kx n  k
1 2
k  
 
   n
Y  z   y  n z
n 
n
    x1  k  x2  n  k   z
n   k  
 
 
m  k

  x1  k   x2  n  k  z   x1  k    x2  m  z  z
n

k  n  k   m 


 X2  z  x1  k  z k  X1  z  X 2  z 
87 k 
21/11/19
Ex. 3.19: Evaluating a Convolution Using
the z-transform y  n   x1  n  * x2  n 
Solution: 1
x1  n   a u  n 
n
 X 1  z  
Z
1
, z a
1  az
1
x2  n   u  n   X 2  z  
Z
1
, z 1
1 z
Y  z 
1
 1  az 1
 1  z 1

z 1 if a  1
88 21/11/19
 Example 3.19: Evaluating a
Convolution Using the z-transform
1
Y  z  , z 1
 1  az   1  z 
1 1

1  1 a 
   , z 1
1  a   1  z   1  az 1 
1

 

y n  
1
1 a

u n   a u n
n 1

89 21/11/19
 3.4. 8 Initial Value Theorem

if x n  0 for n  0
x 0  lim X  z 
z 
 
x  n
X  z    x  n z n
 x  0   n
n0 n 1 z

x  n
limX  z   x  0  lim
z  z  n 1 z n
 x  0

90 21/11/19
 Region of convergence (ROC)
1 jw0n
cos  w0 n   (e e
 jw0n
)
2

-∞<n<∞,
   w  w  2 k      w  w  2 k  
k 
0 0

 1, w  wc
hlp  n  
sin wc n
n
 
H lp e  
jw

0, wc  w  

-∞<n<∞
sin wc n  jwn
  n e does not converge uniformly
 
n  
jw
to the discontinuous function H lp e .
91 21/11/19
 Example
There’s no Z-Transform for x  n   1,    n  

For x n  u n
 
1
X  e jw    e  jwn   jw
     w  2 k 
n 0 1 e k 

does not absolutely converge


1
X  z   X  re jw
  r  n  jwn
e  1  jw
n 0 1 r e
absolutely converge if r  1  ROC : z  1
92 21/11/19
 Chapter 3 HW
3.3, 3.4, 3.9, 3.16

3.2 , 3.8, 3.11, 3.20

93