Training on GT
Controls
Introduction to Control Philosophy
A Gas Turbine Consists of
1. Starting means
2. Auxiliaries
3. Compressor
4. Combustion System
5. Turbine
6. Exhaust
7. Load
Introduction to Control Philosophy
Control system
Communicates with the turbine to
Measure, adjust the parameters
The Main Inputs are
Air & Fuel
and the Outputs are
Load & Exhaust Gases.
It also protects the turbine from abnormal operations
Gas Turbine Controls
1. Basic Control Parameters of GT
2. Minimum Gate Concept of
Six Control Loop
• Start up
• Speed/Load Main
• Temperature
• Acceleration
• Manual Auxiliary
• Shut down
Simplified control schematic
Min Value
Example of Minimum FSR of Six Control Loops on
HMI Screen
Detailed Control
Schematic
We will use this as reference
as we go in detail of the course
Startup Control
Start up control controls the
amount of fuel to the GT from
zero speed to Full Speed No
Load
FSRSU is minimum of the six control loops
Speed control schematic
• The Speed Control Loop
ensures the correct speed as
required by the system
• The Load Control Loop
maintains the power out put.
(The load control can be either
Isochronous or Droop, depending
on whether the system is connected
to Grid or Isolated)
This serves both Speed & Load
functions and so called Speed/Load
Controller
FSRN is the minimum of Six Control Loops
Speed Control Characteristics
Droop speed control is a
proportional control,
changing FSR in proportion to the
difference between
actual turbine speed and the
speed reference (TNH & TNR)
Isochronous Controller is a closed
loop controller that maintains the
Turbine Speed to the reference
speed by regulating FSR during
the isolated operation.
Droop Control Curve
Exhaust Temperature control
Temperature Controller ensures
that the Turbine internals are
protected from over heat and
Optimum power is produced.
The firing temperature is difficult to
measure and hence the Controller
uses the exhaust thermocouples
as reference which is directly proportional to
Firing Temperature
Tf = Tx (Pcd/Pa)k
Exhaust/Firing Temperature Relation
Curve comparing the load
at different ambient
The firing temperature remains constant even with increase in MW, FSR &
CPR ratio with less exhaust temperatures
Temperature control scheme
FSRT is the minimum of the Six Control Loops
Exhaust Temp. control set points
TT
Kn TT
_ S Kn
_ M
Exhaust temp control reference set
Exhaust Temperature
point TTRXB calculated based on TTKn_K
Isothermal
CPD TTKn_I
The back up exhaust temp TTKn_C
reference is based on FSR in case
FS
of CPD measurement failure CP R
D BI
BI AS
AS
CPD
FSR
Protection of Turbine internals and optimum power
Acceleration control
0.35 %/sec
0.10 %/sec
0% 40% 50% 75% 95% 100%
TNH
Acceleration Control functions during sudden Load Changes and Start Up
Manual control
Manual Control Loop Can be used to limit fuel to prevent over firing and
over riding active control
Shut Down control
Shut down control loop
reduces the fuel at a
predetermined during shut
down to reduce thermal
stresses
FSRSD is the minimum of Six Control Loops
IGV Control
IGV Control Loop
• Controls air fuel ratio
• Prevents Compressor
Pulsations
IGV Control
IGV scheduling is required
to ensure the protection from
Pulsation/Stall by
excessive opening
at lower speeds/loads and
negative pressures
at partial loads by less opening
IGV Schedule
Maintains higher Exhaust Temperature at partial loadsfor Combined Cycle Operation
IGV Control
Isothermal
Ba
s e
te
Exhaust Temperature
m
CP p c
The exhaust temp. varies CC D o
IG BI ntro
for simple and combined cycle SC V
te
AS ls
et
co CPm
operations. nt
ro
p
D c
BI on
po
in
ls A t
IGV temperature control never eCt t
S rol
PpDo se
exceeds the base temperature control in
BIt
AS
tp
oi
nt
set point
CPD
IGV control reference
Maintains higher Exhaust Temperature at partial loads for Combined Cycle Operation
Electro Hydraulic Servo valve
Servo valve is the interface between the electrical and
mechanical systems
Servo valve controls the direction and rate of motion
of a hydraulic actuator based on the input current to
the servo.
Servo valve contains three electrically isolated coils
on the torque motor.
A null-bias spring positions the servo so that actuator
goes to the fail safe position when ALL power and/or
control signal is lost.
Liquid Fuel Control Scheme
As the speed sensors in the Amplifier
FD send a signal to
controller, it compares with
demand signal and an error
signal is created.
The amplifier in the controller
will change the signal to
drive the servo Valve of the
Bypass valve.
Liquid Fuel Control
The VSVO card receives
the PR signals from
77FD – 1,2 &3 and
Outputs Analog Signal,
the fuel necessary to
meet the demand.
The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on FQROUT & FQ1
Gas Fuel Control Scheme
Fuel Gas Control System
consists of Stop ratio Valve,
Gas Control Valve Controls
Gas Stop Ratio Valve Scheme
• SRV is a dual function
Valve, as a stop Valve and
to hold desired P2
Pressure
• Control loop consists of
both Pressure and Position
Control Loops
• P2 is Controlled by
pressure loop as a
function of TNH with a gain
& offset, the signal FPRG
• Position Loop takes feed
back from Valve Position
FSGR
The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on FPRG, FPG & FSGR
Gas Control Valve Scheme
The position of the gas
control valve is
proportional to FSR2
which represents
called for gas fuel flow
The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on FSROUT & FSG
Fuel Splitter Scheme
• Transfer from one fuel to the
other on command.
• Allow time for filling the lines
with the type of fuel to which
turbine operation is being
transferred.
IGV Control scheme
VSVO
The Inlet Guide Vanes
(IGVs) modulate during
• Acceleration of the gas
turbine to rated speed
• Loading and unloading
• Deceleration of the gas
turbine
The VSVO Card modulates Servo Valve based on CSRGV & CSGV
IGV Schedule
IGV modulation maintains
• Proper flows and pressures,
and thus stresses, in the
compressor
• Maintains a minimum
pressure drop across the fuel
nozzles
• High exhaust temperatures
at low loads during
combined cycle operation
GT Protections
• GT is not allowed to
start until permissives
are set correctly
• GT Trips during
operation if operating
limits exceeded
Protection System ensures that GT is safe from dangerous operating conditions
Duel Fuel Trip oil scheme
• The Trip Oil System is
the primary interference
between the master
protection circuits and the
fuel flow and VIGV
position control devices
