CARDIOVASCULAR
SYSTEM
BY GAURAV SINGH
LECTURER IN SRAM COLLEGE OF PHARMACY
M.PHARM (PURSUING)
SNASKAR COLLEGE OF PHARMACY AND RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
• Cardiovascular system consists of the blood , heart
and blood vessels.
• “Cardiology” The branch in which we study of the
normal heart and the diseases related with heart.
ANATOMY OF THE HEART
• Heart is relatively small and the same size as your
closed fist.
• It is about 12 cm long, 9 cm wide and 6 cm thick.
• Average weight of heart in males is about 300 gm.
• Average weight of heart in females is about 250 gm.
• The heart rests on the diaphragm, the point of heart
which attach on the diaphragm is called apex.
• The human heart is located within the thoracic cavity
(chest region), medially between the lungs in the space
known as the mediastinum and posterior to sternum.
• Location of heart in thoracic cavity: sternum bone
STRUCTURE OF HEART
INTERNAL ANATOMY OF HEART
Pericardium layer:
The pericardium is a thin sac that surrounds your heart. It protects
and lubricates your heart and keeps it in place within your chest.
Functions:
1.The pericardium has a few important roles:
2.It keeps your heart fixed in place within your chest cavity.
3.It prevents your heart from stretching too much and overfilling
with blood.
4.It lubricates your heart to prevent friction with the tissues
around it as it beats.
5.It protects your heart from any infections that might spread
from nearby organs like the lungs.
• The pericardium has two layers:
• Fibrous pericardium: it is the outer layer. It’s made from thick
connective tissue and is attached to your diaphragm. It holds your
heart in place in the chest cavity and protects from infections.
• Serous pericardium : it is the inner layer.it contains a fluid know as
pericardial fluid.The serous pericardium helps to lubricate your heart.
LAYERS OF THE HEART WALL
• The heart wall consists of three layers:
• 1. EPICARDIUM
• 2. MYOCARDIUM
• 3.ENDOCARDIUM
1. EPICARDIUM
• The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart,
• formed by the visceral layer of the pericardium.
• It is composed of connective tissue and fat. The connective tissue
secretes a small amount of lubricating fluid into the pericardial
cavity.
2. MYOCARDIUM
• The myocardium is composed of cardiac muscle and striated muscle.
The myocardium is responsible for contractions of the heart OR it is
responsible for pumping action of the heart.
• Thickest layer of the wall, makes up approximately 95% of the heart
wall.
3. ENDOCARDIUM
• The innermost layer of the cardiac wall is known as the endocardium.
It presents under the lining of chambers and valves of the heart.
• It is a thin layer composed of connective tissues.
• It protects heart’s chambers walls from the friction.
CHAMBERS OF THE HEART
The heart has four chambers
• 1. Two superior receiving chambers: ATRIA (plural), ATRIUM (singular)
• 2. Two inferior pumping chambers: VENTRICLES
• Right atrium receives the de-oxygenated blood from superior vena
vein cava and inferior vena cava vein.
• Right ventricle eject the de-oxygenated blood in pulmonary artery ,
pulmonary artery transfer de-oxygenated blood from heart to lungs.
• Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary vein,
pulmonary vein collects the oxygenated blood from lungs and transfer
it to heart.
• Left ventricle eject the oxygenated blood into aorta, aorta circulate
this blood throughout the body via various arteries and capillaries.
• On the anterior (front) surface of each atrium a pouch-like structure is
present , it is called auricle.
• Auricle slightly increases the capacity of an atrium so that it can hold
more volume of the blood.
• On the surface of the heart a series of grooves( a deep line) is
present, called sulci.
• Each sulcus(singular) divides the chambers of heart into two part on
the external surface of the heart.
RIGHT ATRIUM
The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and
inferior vena cava, and from the coronary veins. about
• The average thickness of right atrium wall is 2-3 mm .
• Blood passes from right atrium into right ventricle through a valve that
is called tricuspid valve.
RIGHT VENTRICLE
The thickness of the Right ventricle wall is about 4-5 mm.
It forms most of the anterior surface of the heart.
Blood passes from the right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into a
artery called the pulmonary trunk, which divides into right and left
pulmonary arteries and carries blood to the lungs.
LEFT ATRIUM
Same thickness as the right atrium.
It forms most of the base of the heart.
It receives blood from the lungs through four pulmonary veins.
Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the
bicuspid (mitral) valve.
LEFT VENTRICLE
The thickest chamber of the heart.
Average thickness of the ventricle wall is about 10-15 mm.
It forms the apex of the heart, point that attaches with diaphragm.
Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the aorta.
Heart’s valves
The valves present in the heart and prevent the backward flow of blood.
The heart has four types of valve:
• Tricuspid valve. Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.
• Pulmonary valve. Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery.
• Mitral valve/bicuspid valve. Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.
• Aortic valve. Located between the left ventricle and the aorta.
SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY
CIRCULATIONS
• In humans, the circulation occurs in two circuits, and blood is
circulated through the heart for two times.
• This type of circulation is called the double circulation.
• Double circulation divides into two parts:
• 1. Pulmonary circulation
• 2. and systematic circulation
Pulmonary circulation
• Pulmonary circulation is the circulation system that carries deoxygenated blood from heart to
the lungs and returns oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.
• The two blood vessels involved in the pulmonary circulation,
• pulmonary artery and the pulmonary vein.
• The deoxygenated blood flows by the pulmonary artery.
• The pulmonary artery carries de-oxygenated blood from the right ventricle and transfer blood
to into lungs, the back flow of blood in pulmonary artery is prevented by pulmonary valve.
• The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from lungs and transfer blood into left atrium.
• The whole process is called pulmonary circulation.
Systemic Circulation
• The systemic circulation is the circulation system that carries
oxygenated blood throughout the body and returns the
deoxygenated blood to the heart from the body tissues.
• The oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left
atrium of the heart through pulmonary veins.
• This blood flows into the left ventricle and comes out from
the heart through the aorta. The aorta divides into arteries
and supply the oxygenated blood into body via arteries and
blood capillaries.
• The deoxygenated blood returns to the right atrium of the
heart from the body by vena cava. And right ventricle ejects
the de-oxygenated blood into pulmonary artery which
transfer the de-oxygenated into lungs.
Systemic circulation process by chart:
