INTRODUCTION OF
NETWORKING
Lecture 2
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Classification of Computer Networks
• Computer networks are classified based on various factors.
They includes:
• Geographical span امتداد
• Inter-connectivity ت رابط
• Administration
• Architecture
Geographical Span
• Local-area network (LAN) A network that connects a
relatively small number of machines in a relatively close
geographical area.
Geographical Span
• Various configurations, called topologies, have been used
to administer LANs
• Ring topology A configuration that connects all nodes in a closed
loop on which messages travel in one direction
• Star topology A configuration that centers around one node(hub)
to which all others are connected and through which all messages
are sent
• Bus topology All nodes are connected to a single
communication line that carries messages in both directions
Topology ― 3 basic types
• How so many computers are connected together?
Bus Topology Ring Topology
Star Topology
Hub • A bus technology called Ethernet
has become the industry standard
for local-area networks
Geographical Span
• Wide-area network (WAN) A network that connects two
or more local-area networks over a potentially large
geographic distance
Often one particular node on a LAN is set up to serve as a
gateway to handle all communication going between that LAN and
other networks
Communication between networks is called
internetworking
The Internet, as we know it today, is essentially the ultimate wide-
area network, spanning the entire globe
Cont..
• Metropolitan Area Network(MAN)
The Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) generally expands
throughout a city such as cable TV network.
Inter-Connectivity
• By connectedness we mean either logically , physically , or
both ways.
• Every single device can be connected to every other device on
network, making the network mesh.
• All devices can be connected but geographically disconnected,
created bus like structure.
Cont..
• Each device is connected to its left and right peers only,
creating linear structure.
• All devices connected together with a single device,
creating star like structure.
• All devices connected arbitrarily using all previous ways to
connect each other, resulting in a hybrid structure.
Administration
• From an administrator’s point of view, a network can be
private network which belongs a single autonomous
system and cannot be accessed outside its physical or
logical domain. A network can be public which is accessed
by all.
Network Architecture
• Computer networks can be discriminated into various
types such as Client-Server, peer-to-peer or hybrid,
depending upon its architecture.
• There can be one or more systems acting as Server.
Other being Client, requests the Server to serve requests.
Server takes and processes request on behalf of Clients.
• Two systems can be connected Point-to-Point, or in back-
to-back fashion. They both reside at the same level and
called peers.
• There can be hybrid network which involves network
architecture of both the above types.
Networking
• Computer networks have opened up an
entire frontier in the world of computing
called the client/server model
Client/Server interaction
Networking
• File server A computer that stores and manages files for
multiple users on a network
• Web server A computer dedicated to responding to
requests (from the browser client) for web pages
Components
• Clients
• Servers
• Communication Networks
Server
Client
Clients
• Applications that run on computers
• Rely on servers for
• Files
• Devices Clients are Applications
• Processing power
• Example: E-mail client
• An application that enables you to send and receive e-mail
Servers
• Computers or processes that manage network resources
• Disk drives (file servers)
• Printers (print servers)
• Network traffic (network servers)
Servers Manage
Resources
• Example: Database Server
• A computer system that processes database queries
Communication Networks
Networks Connect
Clients and
Servers
Client–Server Computing
• Process takes place
• on the server and
• on the client Client-Server
Computing Optimizes
• Servers Computing Resources
• Store and protect data
• Process requests from clients
• Clients
• Make requests
• Format data on the desktop
INTERNET
A Brief History of the Internet
• Internet
• Global, public network of computer networks
• Computer network
• Collection of computing devices connected together to share
resources such as files, software, processors, storage, and printers
• Internetwork
• Users on different networks can communicate and share data
Internet Hardware
• Protocols
• Rules implemented in network software and hardware
• Establish connections between two or more computers,
allowing them to communicate
• Internet backbone
• The main Internet pathways and connections
• A set of high-speed networks that carry Internet traffic
• Network service providers
• The large telecom companies that provide the hardware
over which the Internet travels
Internet Hardware
• Points of presence (POPs)
• Utility stations which enable customers to connect to the
Internet
• Internet service providers (ISP)
• Companies that provide customers access to the
Internet through network service providers’ (NSPs’)
points of presence (POPs)
• Routers
• Devices —typically a small to large unit with network
ports—which manage network traffic by finding the
fastest route for messages to travel to their destination
Assessing the Internet
• Dial-up connection
• Low-speed Internet service
• Cable modem connection
• High-speed Internet service
• transfer rates as high as 8 Mbps, provided by cable television
service providers
• DSL (digital subscriber line) connection
• Uses customer’s phone line
• Users can use Internet and talk on the phone simultaneously
• Digital satellite service (DSS)
• Broadband over power lines (BOP)
Internet Protocols
• Protocols for the Internet
• Transmission Control Protocol (TCP): enables two hosts to
establish a connection and exchange streams of data
• Internet Protocol (IP): The formatting and addressing scheme for
Internet data packets
• IP address: identifier for Internet hosts
• Four numbers (0 to 255) (or 32 bits) separated by periods, such as 64.233.161.104
• Dynamic/static
• Internet
• A packet switching network
• Domain names
• Associated English names assigned to IP addresses
• Domain Name System (DNS)
Web Basics
• Hyperlink
• Element in an electronic document —a word, phrase, or image—
that when clicked, opens a related document
• Hypertext, hypermedia
• Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
• Protocol controls communication between Web clients and servers
• Web browser: web client such as Internet
Explorer, Netscape, and Firefox
• Software used to request Web pages from Web servers
• Web server
• Stores and delivers Web pages and other Web resources such as
interactive Web content
Web Basics
• Uniform Resource Locator (URL)
• Acts as a Web page address
• Incorporates domain name of Web server and location of Web page
file on server
Internet and Web Applications
• Classification of Web sites
• Search engines, subject directories, and portals
• Communication and collaboration
• News
• Education and training
• E-commerce
• Travel
• Employment and careers
• Multimedia and entertainment
• Information
Internet and Web Applications
