Presenter

Dr. S. Mandal

DEVELOPMENT OF
NITTTRLESSON
Kolkata
Date of Preparation
20th June, 2018
PLAN

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 What is Instruction?

• Goal directed teaching process which

has been pre-planned and tested.

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• Goal may be established by learner, by
teacher or by syllabus.
• Pretested route is ensured to lead the
learner to the desired predetermined
goal.
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 Definition of Instruction

Specific Objectives Exist?

Yes No

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Pre-planned Yes Instruction Visits to
study theatre/muse
resources m, study tours,
exist library etc.
No Projects, Incidental
apprenticeships, learning
research etc.

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 Instructional Process
It is a two way process of communication between the
learner and instructional system.

Information

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Instructional
System
(Instructor)
Behaviour

Feedback
Learning
System
(Learner)

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 Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction

• Gaining attention
• Informing learners of the objective

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• Stimulating recall of prior learning
• Presenting the stimulus (content)
• Providing learning guidance (telling students
the best way to learn the material you are
presenting. )
• Eliciting performance (opportunities to practice
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 Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction

• Providing feedback (information about how to

improve. )
• Assessing performance (examination, tests,

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quizzes, papers.)
• Enhancing retention and transfer (activities to
help students remember and to extend the
learning, transfer it to other scenarios).

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Example of Teaching Sequence Corresponding
To Nine Instructional Events
Instruction objective: Recognize an equilateral triangle.
Nine events-
i) Gain attention- Show variety of computer generated triangles.
ii) Identify objective- Pose question: “What is an equilateral

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triangle?”
iii) Recall prior learning- Review definition of triangles.
iv) Present stimulus- Give definition of equilateral triangle.
v) Guide learning- Show example of how to create equilateral
triangle.
vi) Elicit performance- Ask students to create 5 different examples.

Continued
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Example of Teaching Sequence Corresponding
To Nine Instructional Events
vii) Provide feedback- Check all examples as
correct/incorrect.
viii) Assess performance- Provide scores and remediation.
ix) Enhance retention/transfer- Show pictures of objects

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and ask students to identify equilateral triangles.

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 What is Lesson Plan?
Lesson plan should specify the following

• What information will be communicated to the

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learner.
• What behaviour or response should be exhibited
by the learner to indicate that the desired
learning has taken place.
• What feedback or corrective actions should
occur; if the learner has not learned as expected.
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 Justification of Lesson Plan

• Few people are ‘born’ teachers. Most of

these who are good teachers had a hard
struggle earlier in their career, when they
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learned either formally or through hard
practical experience how to organize their
teaching.

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 Justification of Lesson Plan
• The classes give today are the fruit of much prior
experience and much learning.
• It is probable that in the early days good

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teachers did in fact plan their lessons carefully.
• If they do not need to do so now, it is because
they have internalized the planning process,
being able mentally to plan appropriate
instructional procedures, remember useful tactics
employed in past.
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 Justification of Lesson Plan
• Gifted and experienced teachers are
few.Most of the teachers need to set
aside some time before the lesson to
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pull our thoughts together and describe
on a plan.

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 Advantages of Lesson Planning
• The aim of the lesson plan is identified and
maintained.
• The lesson material is selected and arranged

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in logical manner.
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• The instructional method is selected
according to the learning task and the needs
of the learners.

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 Advantages of Lesson Planning

 Appropriate learner participation is

identified and arranged.

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• Instructional time is managed so
that the best can be use of it is
made.

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 Important Elements of Lesson Plan
• Write clear and specific lesson objectives that align
to course objectives.
• Inform students of lesson objectives

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• Promote recall of prior learning
• Use activities and assessments to promote learning
and to meet lesson objectives.
• Give students feedback on their progress
• Gauge your timing for each activity
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 Important Elements of Lesson Plan
• Keep a record of the materials needed to
complete the lesson
• Incorporate student activity and interaction into the

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lesson.
• Record your own reflections on the success of the
class

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Essential Steps in Lesson Planning

1. Preliminary steps

2. Main steps
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3. Final steps
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Preliminary Steps in Lesson Planning

The following steps determine what is to be taught

during the lesson:
• Choose topic

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• Gather materials
• Decide on aims and objectives
• Identify entry level knowledge and skills.

• Select material for the lesson.

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 Main Steps in Lesson Planning

It answers how topic should be taught:

• Select appropriate instructional method.

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• Arrange the teaching points in logical
sequence.
• Select suitable learning activities
• Decide how learning should be assessed.
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 Final Steps in Lesson Planning

• Write lesson plan.

• Prepare handouts, aids etc.

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• Refer to lesson plan.
• Prepare instruction setting.

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Requirements a Lesson Plan Should
Fulfill
• Record the sequence in which the key
teaching points will presented.

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• Record the key steps in the instructional
method that will be used.
• Record the key features of learner
participation in the lesson.
• Employ a layout that is easy to follow.
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 Outline of Lesson Plan

• Opening actions
• Instructional actions
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• Closing actions

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 Opening Actions

This makes the learners feel that

“Something worth learning”.

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• Attention and motivation
• Statement of the objectives
• Recall and revision of pre-requisites

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 Attention and Motivation

One should start the lesson with

• A short story – a joke

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• A captivating visual
• Some form of questions to – which the
learners relate, but to which they have
no immediate answer

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 Attention and Motivation
(‘Now hear this’)

Or initial activity, which will

• Grab the attention of the learners
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• Make the learners receptive to the lesson
• Make the learners ready to participate in
the activities to follow.

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 Statement of the Objectives
(‘This is where we are going’)
After the interest has been awakened it is necessary
to define more precisely what the learners are going
to learn. They may use these objective to:

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• Self evaluate their learning progress during the later
stages of learning.
• Ask more relevant questions
• Tackle the learning exercises more intelligently
• Avoid too many digressions into other topics.
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 Recall and Revision of Prerequisites
(“Do you remember?”)
A lesson requires the use of certain knowledge and
skills that the learners are supposed to acquire
before hand. These prerequisites should be verified

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by some exploratory questions or diagnostic activities
and subsequently they should be revised and
reinforced. These diagnostic questions and revisions.
• Reveal incomplete mastery.
• Reduce the chance of creation of large gaps in
students’ learning.
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 Instructional Actions
(‘Here comes the massage’)

The activities of instructor for the

learner with the intention of

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• Instructional activities
• Learning activities
• Feedback activities

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 The Instructional Activities
(‘Here Comes The Message’)
• Transmitting new information to the students.
• Orienting him in his studies.

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• Setting up or situation for the learner to experience.
Example
• Expositive strategy – explanation or demonstration of what is
to be learned.
• Experiential Strategy – use of data presented as a case
study.

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 The Learning Activities
(‘And this is what you should do’)
Learners perform some activities to
•Learn the content being presented in the lesson
•Show what they have learned

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Example:
•Expositive strategy – answering to questions posed
by the instructor or performing tasks previously
demonstrated by the instructor.
•Experiential strategy – Participation in-group
discussions, brainstorming sessions, games role-play
exercises, simulations and projects.
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 The Feedback Activities
(‘Let’s Try Again’)
Teacher should give the feedback to the
students about their performance.

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Experiential Strategies

Expositive Strategies

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 Expositive Strategies
Here the feedback activities take the form of
formal tests or informal questioning and
observation of the learners by the

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instructors followed by
• Corrective actions
• Reorientation
• New explanation
• Extra practice exercise

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 Experiential Strategies
To lead the learner himself to recognize his
errors or weaknesses , and to take appropriate
action to overcome them the feedback
activities take the form of
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• Analytical discussions with the learners
• Debriefing sessions.
• Individual discussions.
• Presentation of the results of actions or
decisions taken in simulation sessions
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 Closing Actions

• Transfer of learning
• Evaluation of the lesson

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• Summary and further study

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 The Transfer Of Learning
(‘And now something competency
different-or is it?’)
In teaching general principles or
problem-solving strategies learner

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should provide ample scope for varied
practice so that the learners after
learning principles and strategies in one
situation can apply to quite different
situations where the same principles still
apply.
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 The Transfer of Learning
This transfer is done by
• Deeper analytical questioning
• Presentation of wide variety of problems
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for solution by the students real life
situations on the job or at home
• Home work to be completed after lesson
• Individual project

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 Evaluation of the Lesson
(so let’s see where we have got to’)
It is necessary to arrange final end-of-lesson
evaluation of the results of learning. The evaluation
may be used for
• Summative purposes :

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 grading of students on a continuous basis.
• Formative purposes :
 Enabling the instructor to plan the next lessons of the
sequence better.
 Replan the current lesson to improve its effectiveness
on the next occasion.

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 Evaluation of the Lesson
(so let’s see where we have got to’)

• Final evaluation of the lesson is done

In form of a test of the lesson’s

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objectives
By means of written or oral questions
By practical exercises

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 Evaluation of the Lesson
(so let’s see where we have got to’)
• Sometimes the final evaluation is performed by
Observation of on-the-job performance
standards of certain tasks.

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The behaviour of the learners over a period
of time after instruction.
Measuring in the changes in the
learners’ attitudes and general behaviour
after completation of learning.

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 Summary and Further Study
(‘And where can we go from here’?)
This step in the lesson is the
• Summary what has been achieved

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• Indication where the learners might
proceed next
Here is the opportunity for distribution of
reference notes, enrichment materials,
optional exercise, reading list and
suggestions further study.
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Topic : Introduction to Electro-discharge
Machining
Subject : Manufacturing process
Time : 55 Minutes

Class
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Name of Teacher : S. Mandal
: Final year Diploma in
Mechanical Engineering
Student : 30
Aim : Understand the EDM process
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Lesson : The students will be able to
Objectives i. Define Electro-discharge machining
ii. List the main components of EDM system
iii. Explain the principle of EDM process
iv. List the functions of dielectric fluid

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v. List the desirable characteristics of work
material for EDM
vi. List the desirable characteristics of work
material for EDM tool
vii.Describe the advantages of EDM process
viii.Describe the write-cut EDM process

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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Equipment/ Teaching aids Required:
i. Chalk Board, Coloured Chalk.
ii. Video clip on die-making by EDM.

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iii. Picture EDM machines.
iv. Picture of EDM machines by different
manufactures.

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 Lesson Plan (Sample)

Pre-requisites : i. Common machining process

ii. Idea of sparking
iii.Dielectric medium
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time
point Activity (Mins.)
OPENING
ACTIONS
1. Attention Ask questions and 5
give feed back

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Q1. How do you make Students
a small circular hole in should answer
an aluminum block?
Q2.What will the Students
cutting tool? should answer
Q3. What should be
the tool material?
Q4. What will be the Students
tool material if the should
work material is mild respond
steel?

Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time
point Activity (Mins.)
Declaration of Explain the difficulty of Chalk Board Electro 2
the topic machining many Discharge Machining
modern materials by
conventional methods.
EDM is a special

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method to machine
electrically conducting
hard materials
2.Objectives Explain the lessons Students should Chalk board 2
objectives as stated, clarify any doubts 1.What is EDM?
invite questions they may have 2.Components of EDM
system?
3.Principles of EDM
4.Functions of dielectric fluid
5.Desirable characteristics of
EDM tools materials
6.Desirable characteristic of
work material for EDM
7.Advantages of EDM process
8.Wire cut EDM process

Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)

Teaching point Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time

Activity (Mins.)

3.Pre-requisites Ask questions and 3

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give feed back
Q1.Have you seen
sparking in Students
electric circuits? should
Q2. What happens respond
there?
Q3. What is the
effect?

Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching point Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time
Activity (Mins.)
INSTRUCTIONAL
ACTIONS
4. Objectives-1 3

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Instruction

Learning
Define Electro discharge
machining and making
by EDM process

Correct and explain any

Students
respond
A video clipping on
die making using
EDM process

difficulty of
comprehension
Feed back Asking question and Students
give feedback respond
Q1.What is EDM ?

Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time
point Activity (Mins.)
5. Objective-2 5
Instruction Show the picture and Students Picture of EDM

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video of an EDM respond machine and
machine. Name the video on EDM
basic elements of EDM. process
Learning Correct in case of
difficulty of
comprehension
Feedback Show the picture EDM Students Picture of EDM
machine of different respond machines
companies and ask the manufactured
students to identify the by different
EDM companies

Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time
point Activity (Mins.)
6. Objective-3 5
Instruction Explain the basis Students Chalk Board
principle of EDM respond

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process in steps

Learning Correct in case of

difficulty of
comprehension
Feedback Ask the students to Students
explain principle of respond
EDM process and give
feedback and given
feed back

Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)

Teaching Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time

point Activity (Mins.)
7. Objective-4 2

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Instruction Name the functions of Students Write on Chalk Board
dielectric fluid respond 1. Acts as insulator until
potential is high.
2. Flushing medium.
3. Cooling medium.

Learning Correct in case of

difficulty of
comprehension
Feedback Ask the students to Students
name the functions respond
dielectric fluid and give
feed back
Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching point Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time
Activity (Mins.)
8. Objective-5 3

Instruction Describe the desirable Students Chalk Board

characteristics of tool respond

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material 1. High electrical conductivity
2. High thermal conductivity
3. High melting temperature
4. Cheapness
5. Easy manufacturing
Learning Correct in case of
difficulty of
comprehension
Feedback Ask students the Students
following questions respond
give feedback
Q1.What are the
characteristics of tool
material.
Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching point Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time
Activity (Mins.)
9. Objective-6

Instruction Describe the desirable Students Picture of different 3

characteristics of work material should components made
and show some applications with respond by EDM and used

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different work materials. in different
application
Learning Correct in case of difficulty of
comprehension.
Feedback Ask students the following Student
question and give feedback should
1. Name five work material of for respond
EDM.
2. Name components of
machines which are made of
these materials.

Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching point Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time
Activity (Mins.)
10. Objective-7 4

Instruction Describe the advantages of Students Slide on

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EDM process and show the respond “Advantages of
slide EDM process”
Learning Correct in case of difficulty of Students
comprehension should
respond

Feedback Ask students the following Students

question and give feedback respond
1. Tell three advantages of
EDM of conventional
machining process.

Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching point Teacher’s Activity Student Teaching Aids Time
Activity (Mins.)
10. Objective-8 8

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Instruction Show an wire-cut EDM Students Picture of jobs
machine and describe the respond prepared by wire-
process cut EDM

Learning Show different parts made by

wire-cut EDM

Feedback Ask the importance of wire-cut Students

EDM process respond

Continued
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 Lesson Plan (Sample)
Teaching point Teacher’s Activity Student Activity Teachin Time
g Aids (Mins.)
CLOSING
ACTIONS
11. Transfer of Ask the students to go to a Students should 2

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Learning shop for die manufacturing submit a report in
by EDM the next class.

12. Evaluation Ask objective type Students should 5

questions to assess respond
achievement of objectives

13. Summary and Summarize the main points 3

Further Study of the lesson

Continued
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 NITTTR Kolkata
Thank you

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