DIRE DAWA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION
TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT
Lecture
Of
Construction material
1
OUT LINE OF THE COURSE
1. COURSE INFORMATION
Course Title: Construction Material
Course No: CEng2082
Contact hrs: 2hr Lect & 3hrs Lab
Academic Year: 2017/18
Credit Hrs: 3hrs
Pre-requisite:- None
2
3
out line of the course
2. COURSE OBJECTIVES
Upon the completion of this course students are able
to:-
Understand the properties of various construction
materials& their uses in building construction.
Have sufficient knowledge on the performance of
construction materials
Undertake quality tests in laboratory on
construction materials to insure the
appropriateness of the materials for construction
purpose
out line of the course
3. Contents
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1. Basic relationship in the Construction Process
1.2. Classification of material
1.3. Selection of materials
1.4. Properties of materials
2. BUILDING STONE
2.1 Classification of building stone
2.2 Properties of stone, testing of stone and Uses of stone
2.3. Common stones for construction purpose
2.4. Quarrying of stone 4
Course Out Line
3. BRICK
3.1. introduction
3.2. types of bricks and their uses
3.3.production of bricks
4. LIME AND GYPSUM
4.1 Classification of lime
4.2 Slaking and hardening of lime
4.3 Uses of lime
4.4. Gypsum
5. CEMENT
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Portland cement
5.3 Manufacture of cement
5.4 Types of cement
5.5 Properties and Testing of cement
course out line
6. MORTAR Mode of assessment
6.1 Definition Continues assessment and
6.2 Ingredients lab performance 50%
6.3 Classification Final exam 50%
6.4 Purpose of mortar
References
1.Basic Civil Engineering, Dr.B.C Punmia, Ashok K.Jain, Arunk
K.Jain
2.Civil Engineering Materials, Second Edition, Shan Somayaji
3.Construction Materials, Methods, And Techniques
Building For A Suitable Future, Third Edition,
William,p.Spence
1.Introduction
1.1. Basic relationship in the
Construction Process
Owner
Architect /
Finance
Engineer
General Contractor
Supplier
Testing Laboratories
Sub-Contractor
Introduction
Construction materials: -
knowing the characteristic and qualities of materials is very
essential prior to planning, design and construction
Classification of construction materials
Naturally occurring materials
Aggregate
Stone
Soil
Timber etc.
Manufactured materials
Cement
Reinforcement(bar)
Metal
Special materials
Polymers
Building Stone
Stones are derived from rocks.
They are classified in to four (4)
1.Physical (depends on structure)
2. Geological (depends on mode of formation)
3. Scientific of engineering (depends on chemical composition)
4. Practical (depends on use)
Types of Stone
Name use Characteristics
. hard and great resistance to crush
Basalt Pavement and road . Black color
Dolomite Pavement and light road Metamorphic rock
. it is durable
Granite Construction of bridge piers, sea wall light mouse . hard and heavy
and other marine work
.its cost is high
Marble Stair case, steps, column Color is white, grey, pink/red
. It is soft, light
Lime stone Columns, stair cases, steps .Granular lime stone is fairly hard and subjected
to acid action.
What you should know?
Properties
Uses Material Testing
Manufacture
1.3. What are the factors to be considered
when selecting a material for a specific use?
• Economic factors
- Manufacturing cost, transportation, maintenance,
etc.
• Properties
- Ability to accept load (stress-strain) as required,
weight, thermal expansion, etc.
• Production & Construction
- Availability of material & ability to fabricate into
desired shapes
• Aesthetic
- Appearance
1.4 Properties of materials
a) Physical properties
Density and specific gravity
Mechanical properties
Thermal properties
Acoustical properties
b) Chemical properties
Corrosion
Solubility
Expansion and contraction
Cohesion
Cont…
Thermal properties
thermal expansion
Conductivity
heat resistance
Note :Here only the mechanical properties are dealt with
since they have a great practical significance in civil
engineering work.
Mechanical properties
When forces are applied to a solid body, two results are produced
1) Internal resisting force
2) Deformation
1)Internal Resisting Force
Depending up on the arrangement and direction of the external
forces, the stress produced may be:
i. Tensile stress
ii. Compressive stress
iii.Shearing stress
iv.Bending stress
v. Torsional stress
vi.Combination of the above stresses
2) Deformation
Deformation can be classified into two:
a. elastic if the material recovers its original shape when the
external force is released.
plastic if the material fails to recover its original shape when the
external force is released
1.4.2 Classification of mechanical tests
I) With reference to the direction of the external forces
Tension test Compression test bending test
Shear test torsion test
II) With reference to the rate and duration of the load application
Static test Dynamic test Long -time test Fatigue test
Wear test
Tests of materials for mechanical properties
Mechanical tests may be classified under several headings with respect
to the arrangement and direction of the external forces. The following
classification may be made with reference to the direction of external
force:
Tension test :is produced on cross-sectional area perpendicular to
the line of action of the force and the specimen increase in length
Compression test: is produced on cross-sectional area perpendicular
to the line of action of the force and the specimen decrease in length
Shear test: in this test, the shearing stress in a specimen is
determined on cross- section area parallel to the line of action of the
external force which are themselves parallel
Bending test: The resulting stress are compressive on one side of a
natural plane and tensile on the other side
Torsion test: this is an indirect test used to determine the shearing
strength of a material. Test specimen for torsion test are generally
cylindrical shape, solid or hollow
Mechanical tests with reference to the rate & duration of
the load application:
a. Static Tests: these are made with gradually increasing load,
such as ordinary tests in tension, compression etc.
b. Dynamic test: these are made with suddenly applied loads,
as by falling weight
c. Wear tests: these are made to determine resistance to
abrasion and impact, as in the case of paving materials.
d. Long-time tests: These are made with loads applied to the
object under test for a long period of time. They are used for
materials such as concrete.
e. Fatigue test: these are made with fluctuating stresses
repeating for a large number of times.
Cont…
III) With reference to the effect of the test on the specimen
destructive tests Non-Destructive test
The specimens are either crushed without affecting the performance
or ruptured and made useless at of the specimens
the end of the test
Review Questions.
1.What have you learnt from the lesson?
2.What are the requirements for selection of
construction materials?
3.Why it is necessary to study the properties of
construction materials?
4.Give reasons for dealing with only mechanical
properties of materials?
5.Differentiate types of mechanical tests on
construction materials.
Assignment #1
1. Write at least four construction materials with their:-
a. Definition
b. Uses
c. properties
Thank you!!!
