Computer Networks and Internets, 5e
By Douglas E. Comer
Lecture PowerPoints
By Lami Kaya, [email protected]
Modified by S. Jane Fritz, 2010
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 1
PART IV
Internetworking
Internet architecture, addressing, binding encapsulation, and
protocols in the TCP/IP suite
© 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. 2
Chapter 20
Internetworking:
Concepts, Architecture, and Protocols
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Topics Covered
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Motivation for Internetworking
20.3 The Concept of Universal Service
20.4 Universal Service in a Heterogeneous
World
20.5 Internetworking
20.6 Physical Network Connection with
Routers
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Topics Covered
20.7 Internet Architecture
20.8 Achieving Universal Service
20.9 A Virtual Network
20.10 Protocols for Internetworking
20.11 Review of TCP/IP Layering
20.12 Host Computers, Routers, and Protocol
Layers
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20.1 Introduction
This chapter
discusses the motivation for internetworking
introduces the hardware components used
describes the architecture in which the
components are connected
discusses the significance of the concept
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20.2 Motivation for Internetworking
Each network technology is designed to fit a
specific set of constraints
LAN technologies are designed to provide high-
speed communication across short distances
WAN technologies are designed to provide
communication across large areas
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20.2 Motivation for Internetworking
No single networking technology is best for
all needs!
A large organization with diverse networking
requirements needs multiple physical networks
If the organization chooses the type of network that is
best for each task, the organization will have several
types of networks
For example, a LAN technology like Ethernet might be the
best solution for connecting computers at a given site
but a leased data circuit might be used to interconnect a site
in one city with a site in another
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20.3 Concept of Universal Service
Most modern computer communication systems
allow communication between any two computers
analogous to the way a telephone system provides
communication between any two telephones, known as
universal service
With universal service
a user on any computer in any organization can send
messages or data to any other user
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20.3 Concept of Universal Service
The chief problem with multiple networks is
obvious:
A computer attached to a given network can only
communicate with other computers attached to the
same network
The problem became evident in the 1970s as large
organizations began to acquire multiple networks
Each network in the organization formed an island
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20.3 Concept of Universal Service
In many early installations
each computer attached to a single network
and employees had to choose a computer appropriate
for each task
an employee was given access to multiple screens and
keyboards
the employee was forced to move from one computer to
another to send a message across the appropriate
network
Users are neither satisfied nor productive when they
must use a separate computer for each network
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20.4 Universal Service in a
Heterogeneous World
Does universal service mean that everyone
needs to adopt a single network technology?
or is it possible to have universal service across
multiple networks that use multiple
technologies?
Incompatibilities make it impossible to form
a large network merely by interconnecting
the wires among networks
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20.4 Universal Service in a
Heterogeneous World
Furthermore, extension techniques such as
bridging cannot be used with heterogeneous
network technologies
each technology uses its own packet format and
addressing scheme
a frame created for one network technology
cannot be transmitted on a network that uses a
different technology
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20.5 Internetworking
Despite the incompatibilities among network technologies
researchers have devised a scheme that provides universal
service among heterogeneous networks, called
internetworking
The scheme uses both hardware and software
Additional systems are used to interconnect a set of
networks
Software on the attached computers provides universal
service
The resulting system of connected physical networks is
known as an internetwork or internet
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20.5 Internetworking
An internet is not restricted in size
internets exist that contain a few networks
the global Internet contains tens of thousands of
networks
the number of computers attached to each
network can vary
some networks have no computers attached
while others have hundreds
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20.6 Physical Network Connection
with Routers
The basic component used to connect
heterogeneous networks is a router
Physically a router is
an independent hardware system dedicated to the task
of interconnecting networks
contains a processor and memory as well as a separate
I/O interface for each network to which it connects
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20.6 Physical Network Connection
with Routers
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20.6 Physical Network Connection
with Routers
The figure uses a cloud to depict each network
Router connections are not restricted to a network
technology
Each cloud represents an arbitrary network technology
A router can connect
two LANs
a LAN and a WAN
or two WANs
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20.6 Physical Network Connection
with Routers
When a router connects two networks in the
same general category
the networks do not need to use the same
technology
for example
a router can connect an Ethernet to a Wi-Fi network
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20.7 Internet Architecture
Organizations choose network technologies
appropriate for each need and use routers to
connect all networks
Figure 20.2 illustrates how three routers can be used to
connect four arbitrary physical networks into an internet
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20.7 Internet Architecture
Figure 20.2 shows each router with exactly
two connections
commercial routers can connect more than two
networks
a single router could connect all four networks in
the example
An organization seldom uses a single router
to connect all of its networks
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20.7 Internet Architecture
There are reasons for multiple connections:
Load-balancing and speed
the processor in a given router is insufficient to handle
the traffic passing among an arbitrary number of
networks
Redundancy improves internet reliability
To avoid a single point of failure
The protocol software continuously monitors internet
connections
It instructs routers to send traffic along alternative paths when a
network or router fails
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20.7 Internet Architecture
An organization must choose a design that
meets the organization's need for
Reliability
Capacity
Cost
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20.7 Internet Architecture
The exact details of internet topology to be
chosen often depend on the following
bandwidth of the physical networks
expected traffic
organization's reliability requirements
cost
performance of available router hardware
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20.8 Achieving Universal Service
Routers must agree to forward information
The task is complex because frame formats and
addressing schemes used by the underlying
networks can differ
Protocol software makes universal service possible
Later chapters describe Internet protocol software in
detail
when written with an uppercase I, the term Internet
refers to the current global Internet and the associated
protocols
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20.8 Achieving Universal Service
Internet protocols overcome differences in
frame formats and physical addresses
to make communication possible among
networks that use different technologies
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20.9 A Virtual Network
Internet provides the appearance of a single
seamless communication system
a combination of hardware and software
provides the illusion of a uniform network system
Internet software hides the details of
physical network connections
physical addresses
routing information
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20.9 A Virtual Network
Users/application programs are not supposed to be
aware of the underlying physical networks or the
routers that connect
We say that an internet is a virtual network system
because the communication system is an abstraction
Figure 20.3 illustrates the virtual network concept
as well as a corresponding physical structure
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20.9 A Virtual Network
Figure 20.3 The Internet concept:
(a)The illusion of a single network provided to users and applications
(b) the underlying physical structure with routers interconnecting networks
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20.10 Protocols for
Internetworking
Several protocols have been proposed for
use with internets
The TCP/IP Internet Protocol suite is the most
widely used one
Networking professionals simply refer to the
suite as TCP/IP
TCP and IP are acronyms for two of the most
important protocols
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20.10 Protocols for
Internetworking
TCP/IP was developed at the same time as the
Internet
The same researchers who proposed TCP/IP also
proposed the Internet architecture described above
Work on TCP/IP began in the 1970s
approximately the same time that LANs were being developed
Work continued until the early 1990s when the Internet
became commercial
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20.11 Review of TCP/IP Layering
Recall from Chapter 1 that the Internet protocols use a
five-layer reference model:
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20.11 Review of TCP/IP
Layering
We have already explored three of the layers
Chapters in this part of the text consider the two remaining
layers in detail:
Internet Layer
Layer 3 (IP) specifies the format of packets sent across the
Internet
Also specifies mechanisms used to forward packets
Transport Layer
Layer 4 (TCP) specifies the messages
Provides procedures that are used to insure reliable
transfer
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20.12 Host Computers, Routers,
and Protocol Layers
Host computer to refer to a computer that
connects to the Internet and runs applications
A host can be as small as a cell phone or as large
as a mainframe
a host's CPU can be slow or fast
the memory can be large or small
and the network can operate at high or low speed
TCP/IP protocols make it possible for any pair of
hosts to communicate
despite hardware differences
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20.12 Host Computers, Routers,
and Protocol Layers
Both hosts and routers need TCP/IP protocol
software
However, routers do not use protocols from all
layers
a router does not need layer 5 protocols
because routers do not run conventional applications
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