Understanding History and
The Philippines
Presented by:
Prof. Ezri M. Coda Jr, MSPsych
Learning Objectives
Define history
Analyze the process of historical analysis
Differentiate different views of history
Differentiate sources of history
Discuss Historical Criticism
Recall salient facts about the Philippines
What Is History?
History comes from the
Greek word “historia”
which means learning
by inquiry. It usually
referred to as
repository of narratives
that accounts for salient
events delivered in a
chronological order.
Historians constructs history as they investigate
events, it can either be:
Factual history refers to how Speculative history on the
historians present a plain other hand concerns about
narrative of information about providing a narrative that
events using basic and goes beyond empirical data.
infallible information and It answers the question why
evidences such as what the event took place and how
happened, who are the person did it happen.
involved, when and where the
event took place.
Historiography – is a concept of the reconstruction of
the events from the past based from gathered data
though historical method.
Process of Historical Analysis:
1. Selecting a subject to
investigate
2. Collection of sources
3. Validate the relevance and
validity of the sources
gathered
4. Extract part of the sources
gathered that is relevant to
the narrative of the subject
being studied.
Views of History
History as Linear
History as Cyclic
History as Dialectic
History as Linear
of Progressive
Those who claim to be
linear believe that
there is a chain of
events written in
chronological order,
and the events that
happened in the past
are very unlikely to
take place in the
future.
(Plato & Charles
History as Cyclic
The cyclic theory of time
has been held in regard to
the three fields of
religion, of history (both
human and cosmic), and
of personal life. That this
view arose from the
observation of
recurrences in the
environment
(Ibn Khaldun, Herodotus,
Thucydides, Petrarch &
Machiavelli believed that
history is cyclical)
History as
Dialectic
The most influential
philosophical framework
today is Hegel's theory of
dialectics. Each of us
plays a part in the
process of history, which
involves everyone and
everything. Hegel's
central thesis is that
history is not a question
of times, places, or
things, but rather of
'logic.
(Socrates, Marx and
Hegel believed that
Historical Data
Historical data is
information gathered
about past occurrences
and conditions relating
to a specific topic. These
are remnants of the past,
which can either be
artifacts, remains, or
eyewitness accounts.
Written Sources
of History
Narrative or Literary
Sources – are writings or
tracts of chronological
events presented in narrative
form which aims to provide
information coming from
various motives.
Examples: Biography,
Memoirs, Panegyric, &
Hagiography)
Written Sources
of History
Diplomatic Sources –
Most of the historians
refer to these documents
as the purest and best
source of information.
Examples: Mortgage agreement,
jurisprudence, court rulings, pact,
treaties, and alike)
Written Sources
of History
Social Documents – it
pertains to economic,
social, political or judicial
significance. They are
records kept by
bureaucracies.
Examples: parliamentary
proceedings records, civil
registry, research findings,
records of census
Non-written Sources of
History
Material Evidence Oral Evidence
Pottery, jewelries, dwellings, graves, These are stories by old folks through
churches, roads, and others that tell tales, sagas of ancient people, and the
a story about the past. folk songs or even popular rituals.
Primary and Secondary
Sources
Primary sources – are original, first- Secondary Sources – are materials
hand account of an event or period made by people long after events
that are usually written or made being described had taken place to
during or close to the event of period. provide valuable interpretations of
These sources are original and historical events. A secondary source
factual, not interpretive. Their main analyzes and interprets primary
function is to provide facts. sources.
Historical
Criticism
It aims to unravel the
original meaning of the
text in its historical
context and its literal
sense as well as to
establish a reconstruction
of historical situation of
the author and recipients
of the text.
Historical Criticism
Methodologies
Source criticism – analyze and studies the source of
information.
Form criticism – aims to determine a unit’s original form
and historical context of the literary tradition.
Redaction criticism - regards the author of the text as
editor of the source material.
Tradition criticism – attempts to trace the developmental
stages of the oral tradition from its historical emergence to
its literary presentation.
Canonical Tradition – focuses on biblical interpretation.
Historical Criticism
External Criticism Internal Criticism
determines the authenticity Determines the historicity
of the source. of the facts contained in
the document. It
Origin of the Philippines
• Land Bridge Theory
(Philippines as once part of
Mainland Asia)
• Volcanic Origin proposed by
Bailey Willis
• Legend of Mu or Lemuria
• Legend of Manaul (Mythical
Bird)
• Continental Drift Theory
Origin of Filipino People
Creation Theory (Biblical)
Migration Theory (H.O. Beyer)
First – Dawnmen (through land
bridges)
Second – Aetas or Negritos
(through land bridges)
Third – Indonesians (through boat)
Fourth – Malay (through boat)
Evolution Theory
Sikalak & Sikbahay (Malakas at
Maganda)
American Rule
Pre-colonial (1898 – 1946)
Philippines 48 years
Self Rule
1946 – Present
Spanish Rule Japanese Occupation
(1565 – 1898) (1941 - 1946)
333 years 5 years
Presidents
Aguinaldo Marcos
Quezon Aquino
Laurel Ramos
Osmeña Estrada
Roxas Arroyo
Quirino Aquino
Magsaysay Digong
Garcia Bongbong
Macapagal
