The requirements for design of water supply
scheme.
1. Design period
2. Design population
3. Design flow
4. Design pressure
It is number of years for which a water supply
scheme is intend to serve efficiently.
The proposed system
its components structures
and equipments should be adequate for these
number of years.
Future considerations are taken into account for
the design period.
With the passage of time population will
increase. As a result the water requirements will
increase and the size of water treatment plant
will also increase.
Following are some of the main factors
• A. Physical life of the structure
• B. Ease or difficulty of extension
• C. Rate of growth of population
• D. Lead time
• E. Economics of scale
If the physical life of the structure is more then
its design period will also be more and if the
physical life is short then the design period will
also be small.
If the water supply scheme can be extended
easily then its design period is less and if it
difficult to extend the scheme then design
period will be more.
If the population growth rate is more, design
period is kept less. Because greater design
period will result in more population and
ultimately costly in construction.
It is the time from start of the project to its
completion.
Therefore, if the lead time is more then design
period will also be more and vice versa.
When more units of a service can be produced
on a larger scale, yet with (on average) less
input costs, economies of scale (ES) are said to
be achieved.
Hence if the economies of scale is large the
design period is more and vice versa.
Population expected at the end of design period is called
Design Population
With the help of past data, present and future population
is estimated. There are few methods for estimation of
population but these are approximate methods.
• a. Simple graph
• b. By arithmetic increase method
• c. Geometric increase method
• d. Logestic method
• e. Ratio method
• f. Curvilinear method
Graph is plot between previous populations and
previous years and extended in same manner up
to design period.
POPULATION
TIME
This method is based upon the hypothesis that the rate of
change (growth) of population is constant i.e.
Pf = Pi + ka (tf – ti)
• Pf = future population
• Pi = initial population
• tf = future time
• ti = initial (present) time
• Where
• ka is the constant which can be found by
• (Pi – Pe) / (ti – te)
• Where pe and te are the 2nd last terms in given data
This method is based on the hypothesis that
“the increase in population is proportional to
itself”
ln Pf = ln Pi + kg(tf-ti)
Where
kg = (ln Pi - ln Pe )/ (ti-te)
Estimate population in 2030 by both Arithmetic
and Geometric increase methods and compare
results for the given data
Year 1970 1980 1990 2000
Population 13000 15000 17000 20000
According to this method the estimated
population (Pf) in next no of years is calculated
as
Pf = P / (1 + ea+b∆t)
Where
P = 2P0P1P2 – P12(P0+P2) / (P0P2 – P12)
a = ln [(P - P0)/P0]
b = (1/n) ln [P0 (P– P1) / P1 (P– P0)]
Where
P0 is earliest recorded population
P1 is population recorded in middle of the record
P2 is population at the end of record
For the above mentioned terms t0, t1 and t2 being
the corresponding times
∆t is the total change in time (tp – tp0) and
n is t2 – t1 = t1 – t0 i.e. time interval
In this method the past population of various
cities and by knowing the present population of
one city, estimate for present population for a
second city is made.
By the help of this method population at a
certain present time and not for the future is
calculated
City A (Population) Year City B (Population)
P1 1940 P1’
P2 1950 P2’
P3 1960 P3’
P4 1970 P4’
P5 1980 P5’
P6 1990 P6’
P7 2000 P7’ = ?
P5/P5’ = P6/P6’ = P7/P7’
P7’ = P6’ x P7 / P6
This method assumes that if the curve of
population increase is plotted for a no of past
decennial (occurring every 10 years) period, it
may be extended further by following the
tendencies apparent from the known data of
other cities. This is a graphical method and one
city is compared with other cities
Suppose it is required to estimate the
population of a city A, after each future
successive decade. Its population in 2000 is
50000 and it is required to obtain its population
in 2010, 2020 etc. the population time curve or
city A up to 2000 is drawn as shown in figure.
110000
90000
70000
50000
City A
30000 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
1970 1980 1990 2000 City B
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 City C
Let us assume that city B reached the population
of 50000 in 1970. Further let us assume that
another similar city C has reached the
population of 50000 in 1960. The population
time curve for both the cities is also plotted.
The curve for city A can now be carefully
continued in between the two cities. And hence
the estimated population can be read through the
graph.
A community has estimated population of 20
years, which is equal to 35000. the present
population is 28000 and present average water
consumption is 16 x 106 liters/day. The existing
water treatment plant has a design capacity of 5
mgd. Assuming arithmetic population growth,
determine at which year the existing plant will
reach its design capacity?
In this case the quantity of water used in terms
of per capita water consumption is found.
Then this per capita water demand is multiplied
by the design population assigned to each node.
In this way the quantity of water required at
each node is known.
By knowing the maximum daily demand at
each node, we can estimate the design flow in
pipe lines leading to that node.
Hence, pipe diameters and allowable losses can
also be calculated.
For recommendation of design pressure, the
area to be served and its population density is
found.
More important to an engineer, in solving water
and sewage problems are the population
densities in particular areas.
Population densities may vary widely within a
city, the general range being from 15 persons
per acre for sparsly built up residential sections
and 35-40 persons/acre in closely built up
single family residential areas.
In some cases this population density may even
reach to 100-1000 persons/acre.
Design pressure increases as the population
increases.
Design pressure also depends on the
topography of the area.
Areas of high altitudes require greater while for
low lying areas low pressures are
recommended.
