Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP Protocol Suite 1
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TCP SERVICES
•TCP provides process-to-process communication.
•TCP lies between the application layer and the
network layer, and serves as the intermediary
between the application programs and the network
operations.
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Services Provided by TCP:
Process-to-process communication
- using port numbers
Stream delivery service
- delivers data as stream of bytes
Sending and receiving buffers
- uses two buffers, the sending buffer for sending
process and receiving buffer for receiving process
Segments
- unit of data is segment
- groups bytes form segment
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Full duplex communication
- data can flow in both directions
Multiplexing and demultiplexing
- performs multiplexing at sender and
demultiplexing at receiver
Connection oriented service
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Stream delivery
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Sending and receiving buffers
Stream of bytes
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TCP segments
Segment N Segment 1
H H
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TCP FEATURES
To provide the services mentioned in the previous
section, TCP has several features that are briefly
summarized in this section and discussed later in
detail.
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Features of TCP
Numbering system
- no field for segment number in header
- sequence number and acknowledgement fields are used
Byte number
- TCP numbers all data bytes that are transmitted in a
connection
Sequence number
- TCP assigns a sequence number to each segment
- number of first byte of data carried in that segment
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Acknowledgement number
- is the number of next byte the receiver expected
to receive.
Flow control
Error control
Congestion control
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Note
The bytes of data being transferred in
each connection are numbered by TCP.
The numbering starts with an arbitrarily
generated number.
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Note
The value in the sequence number
field of a segment defines the number
assigned to the first data byte
contained in that segment.
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The value of the acknowledgment field
in a segment defines the number of the
next byte a party expects to receive.
The acknowledgment number is
cumulative.
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SEGMENT
A packet in TCP is called a segment.
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TCP segment format
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Control field
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Pseudoheader added to the TCP segment
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Note
The use of the checksum in TCP is
mandatory.
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Encapsulation
TCP
Application-layer data
header
IP
header
Frame
header
TCP payload
IP payload
Data-link layer payload
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A TCP CONNECTION
•TCP is connection-oriented. It establishes a virtual
path between the source and destination.
•All of the segments belonging to a message are then
sent over this virtual path.
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Connection establishment using three-way handshake
Passive
Active open
open seq: 8000
UAPRS F
SYN
seq: 15000
Connection ack: 8001
opened nd: 5000
U A P R S F rw
SYN + ACK
seq: 8000
ack: 15001
UAPRS F
rwnd: 10000
ACK
Means “no data” !
seq: 8001 if piggybacking
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A SYN segment cannot carry data, but it
consumes one sequence number.
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A SYN + ACK segment cannot carry
data, but does consume one
sequence number.
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An ACK segment, if carrying no data,
consumes no sequence number.
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Figure 15.10 Data Transfer
seq: 8001
Send
request ack: 15001
UAPRS F
Data Receive
bytes: 8001-9
000
Send seq: 9001
request ack: 15001
UAPRS F
Data Receive
bytes: 9001-1
0000
seq: 15001 Send
ack: 10001 request
UAPRS F
Data
17000
bytes: 15001-
seq: 10000
ack: 17001
UAPRS F
rwnd:10000
Connection Termination
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Figure 15.11 Connection termination using three-way handshake
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Note
The FIN segment consumes one
sequence number if it does
not carry data.
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Note
The FIN + ACK segment consumes one
sequence number if it does
not carry data.
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Figure 15.12 Half-Close
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