GEC 06 ART APPRECIATION
MODULE 4
ARCHITECTU
MEMBERS
Gonzales, Jardin, Lacson, Lu,
Pauline En-j Ehryckanne Ling Ling Manahan,
Jovelle
MODULE
OUTLINE:
A. Architecture B. Notable Artist
8 Definition 8 Local Architects
8 Kinds of Architectural Construction
8 Mediums
8 History
ARCHITECTURE
EXTERIOR DESIGN
DEFINITION OF ARCHITECTURE
Architecture is the art and science of designing and
constructing buildings, bridges, and other
structures to satisfy individual and communal
needs. It is a complex art in as much as the task of
the architect is not only to create the design of the
exterior of the building or similar structure, but INTERIOR DESIGN
also to do the design of its interior.
KINDS OF ARCHITECTURAL
CONSTRUCTION
1. Post and Lintel. The post and lintel consist of
a horizontal beam called lintel and two vertical
posts to support it. It is usually found in doors
and entrances. The prehistoric "Stonehenge"
illustrates this type of architectural construction. WILTSHIRE, ENGLAND
2. Cantilever. Similar to the post and
lintel, the cantilever has two vertical
posts for support and a horizontal beam
with one end more extended than the
other Oftentimes, steel is used for this
type of architectural construction
because of its tensile strength. At times,
wood is also used less frequently
because of its tendency to warp, sag,
and rot. Located in Melbourne, Australia, the Trojan House was a project by
Jackson Clemens Burrows Pty. Ltd.
3. Arch. The arch consists of several 5 Types of Arch
wedge-shaped blocks of stone called
voussoirs held together by a key stone.
It serves to support other structures such
as roofs and to be a symbolic gateway.
The Arch of Triumph in Paris, France,
illustrates this type of architectural
construction introduced by the Romans
and dominant in Roman architecture. The Arch of Triumph in Paris, France
4. Dome. The dome is à large
hemispherical roof or ceiling that looks
like an inverted cup. It is an extension
of the principle of the arch capable of
enclosing a wide area, "The Dome of
the Rock" in Jerusalem is a classic
example of this type of architectural
construction. The Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem
5. Vault. The vault is an arched
structure of masonry usually forming a
roof or ceiling. Similar to the dome, it is
an extension of the principle of the arch
capable of enclosing a vast expanse of Cross Vault
space.
Barrel Vault
Welsh Vault
Cloister Vault
6. Truss. The truss consists of a braced
framework of beams or bars forming one or
more triangles. An assemblage of beams SYDNEY HARBOR BRIDGE
forming a rigid framework, it is usually
used to support the roof.
MEDIUMS USED IN ARCHITECTURE
LIGHT MATERIALS HEAVY MATERIALS
Light Materials include paper, These materials are hardwood, stone,
nipa, bamboo, and other light wood. All, concrete (combination of cement,
except paper, form part of nipa huts and gravel, and sand), brick, steel, and cast
similar dwellings in tropical countries. iron. They away form part of high-rise
The advantage of these materials is that buildings, for example, condominiums.
they allow for good ventilation, but their The advantage of these materials are
disadvantage is that they are not fire-resistant and also durable and able
resistant to fire and other natural to withstand natural forces such as
elements. earthquakes, landslides, storms, and
floods.
HISTORY
Prehistoric Period. The caves used to be the first
dwellings of the Stone Age men. After they had created
their tools and other implements such as the adzes,
they began' constructing their tree houses with the use
of materials indigenous in their surroundings. The
Egyptians were among the ancient civilizations who
came up with enormous architectural works.
PYRAMID, EGYPT Temple of Ramesses II
The Great Sphinx of Giza
The Valley of the Kings
Ancient Mesopotamian Architecture
HISTORY
Greek Period. The Parthenon typifies the architecture
of this period. Adorned with relief sculpture by Phidias
and his assistants, it exemplifies the post-and-lintel
system of architecture. Other well-known buildings are
the Temple of Diana (another ancient wonder),
Erechtheum, and the Temple of Winged Victory. The
Greeks are famous for their architectural orders the
Doric (with the simplest capital), the lonic (with a
capital having rams’ horns or volutes), and the
Corinthian (with a capital having acanthus leaves).
PARTHENON TEMPLE ATHENIAN ACROPOLIS, GREECE
HISTORY
Roman Period. The greatest contributions of the Romans
to Western civilization are in the field of architecture.
While they adopted the three classical orders of Greek
architecture, they added the Tuscan order (with a plain
abacus capital but without flutings) and the composite
order (with a bell-shaped capital having two rows of
acanthus leaves surmounted by scrolls). Unlike the
Greeks, the Romans combined the orders in one building
(Ortiz et al, 1976). They also introduced the dome, á
structure exemplified by the Colosseum. Besides this
semi-circular structure, the Arch of Triumph, the Baths of
Caracalla, the Pantheon, and the Roman aqueducts were
built during this period.
COLOSSEUM ROME, ITALY
HISTORY
Medieval Period. The architecture during the Middle Ages is
divided into four artistic styles: Early Christian, Byzantine,
Romanesque, and Gothic. Early Christian architecture (See
Fig. 4.7.) is typified by the old Basilica of St. Peter (326 A.D.)
in Rome, dedicated by Emperor Constantine and known to be
the first Christian church. Byzantine architecture is
exemplified by the 6th century Hagia Sophia, built in
Constantinople and designed to conform to the Greek cross
with four equilateral arms, as opposed to the Latin cross with Old Basilica of St. Peter
only three equilateral arms. The Romanesque church has a
massive, horizontal emphasis, an east-west orientation of the
basilica, and a cruciform shape, with a long central aisle, the
nave, traversed by the transept at right angles. Contrasted to
the Romanesque church, the Gothic cathedral has a vertical
emphasis, with its high, pointed spires.
Byzantine Period: Hagia Sophia
HISTORY
Renaissance Period. Renaissance architecture
involved the construction of aristocratic residences
called palazzos (Cosimo de Medici's Medici-Riccardi
Palace in Florence designed by Michelozzi and the
Rucellai Palace in Florence designed by Leon Battista
Alberti) and churches (the dome of the Florence
cathedral designed by Brunelleschi and the dome of St.
Peter's Basilica in Rome designed by Michelangelo)
(Ortiz et al., 1976).
Dome of the Florence
HISTORY
Baroque Period. Exemplified by the Church of San
Carlo alle Quatro Fontane designed by Francesco
Borromini, Baroque architecture is characterized by a
highly ornamented façade, giant and twisted columns,
broken pediments, and common decorative motifs
(Ortiz et al., 1976).
Church of San Carlo alle Quatro Fontane
HISTORY
Modern Period. The Bauhaus, a school of design founded by
Walter Gropius in Weimar, Germany in 1919, was responsible
for the development of an International Style of architecture
and design, which gradually spread throughout the industrial
world. In the Bauhaus Building, many architectural and
industrial ideas flourished; however, central to Bauhaus
teaching were Louis Sullivan's principle that form follows
function and William Morris' belief that utility and aesthetics
could be integrated. Frank Lloyd Wright, an American pioneer
in early 20th century architecture affected the International The Walt Disney Concert Hall, Los Angeles Philharmonic
Style, but he developed his own style that never fit into any
category. Most of the skyscrapers built during the 20th century
and the early years of the 21st century are applications of the
modern style.
The Bosjes Chapel by Steyn Studio: Floating at the foot of Waaihoek
NOTABLE ARTIST
LOCAL ARTIST
Arguelles, Carlos D.
A contemporary of Juan Nakpil, Arguelles
designed the Philamlife Building on United
Nations Avenue, considered as one of the finest
buildings in Southeast Asia (Espina et al.,
2004). He also designed Development Bank of
the Philippines and Philippine National Bank on
Escolta.
Philamlife Building
Alli, Armando Dominador N.
An architect, planner, and environment
consultant (APEC), Alli has been for more than
two decades a practitioner in technological
professions, preparing comprehensive land use
plans (CLUPs), development master plans
(DMPs), site master plans (SMPs),
transportation system/facility plans,
architectural designs for commercial,
institutional, recreational, and residential
structures, and allied design work.
Antonio, Pablo S.
National Artist of the Philippines for
Architecture in 1976, Antonio is a pioneer of
modern Philippine architecture. He designed the
Ideal Theater, Life Theater, Manila Polo Club,
and Far Eastern University Campus. He
finished his education at the University of
London with the financial assistance from Engr
Ramon Arevalo, for whom he worked as an
assistant in the Legislative Building project.
Ideal theater
Concio, Cesar H.
Concio designed the Redemptorist Church in
Baclaran and UP Protestant Chapel.
REDEMPTORIST CHURCH,
De Guzman Arellano, Juan M.
Greatly influenced by Art Deco architecture, De
Guzman Arellano is best known for Manila's
Metropolitan Theater, which was
controversially modern during his time. He also
designed the Manila Post Office Building, the
Jones Bridge, and the Executive House (1926),
which now houses the National Museum of the
Philippines.
MANILA’S METROPOLITAN
Gutierrez, Gregorio
Gutierrez designed the Sta. Cruz Church.
STA. CRUZ CHURCH
Locsin, Leandro
National Artist of the Philippines for
Architecture in 1990, Locsin is best known for
the Cultural Center of the Philippines. His other
works are the Church of the Holy Sacrifice in
the University of the Philippines in Diliman,
Quezon City, St. Andrew's Church (circular),
Antipolo Church (circular), and Philippine
International Convention Center.
CULTURAL CENTER OF THE
Luis, Lira
The first Filipino architect conferred with a
Master of Architecture degree at the Frank
Lloyd Wright School of Architecture, Luis is a
global LEED architect holding architectural
licenses in two countries, the USA and the
Philippines. An award-winning architect, design
correspondent, and best-selling author, she
completed her first audio-book entitled
"FRANKly Speaking: It's the wRIGHT Way.”
Mangio, Nestor S.
An internationally famous architect, Mangio is
an environmental planner, a successful real
estate and community developer, and a world-
renowned lecturer and convener in urban design
and environmental planning. He was appointed
by Pres. Fidel. Ramos as a director of the Bases
Conversion Development Authority, Clark
Development Corporation, and Fort Bonifacio
Development Corporation.
Manosa, Francisco
Famous for his design of the Coconut Palace in
Tagaytay, Francisco Manosa is the most
outspoken champion of an indigenous Filipino
architecture. He shared his expertise through his
book entitled "Designing Filipino: The
Architecture of Francisco Manosa, which
showcases his designs for ten residential
projects, five churches, four commemorative
structures, five hotel/ resort projects, five
institutional projects, four international
expositions, and various industrial projects.
COCONUT PALACE, TAGAYTAY
Manosa, Jose
A noted Filipino architect, Jose Manosa is
known for designing the San Miguel
Corporation Building. He believes that not only
prominent and well-to-do families deserve the
services of an architect.
SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION
Mapua, Tomas
One of the founders of the Mapua Institute of
Technology and the first registered Filipino
architect, Mapua supervised the designing of
the Philippine general Hospital on Taft Avenue
and Training School Building of Normal
School.
PHILIPPINE GENERAL
Nakpil, Juan E.
A teacher and a civic leader, Nakpil is a pioneer and
innovator in Philippine architecture. He designed the
1937 International Eucharistic Congress moreover, he
rebuilt and enlarged the Quiapo Church in 1930 and
added a dome and a second belfry to the original
design. He also reconstructed Dr. Jose Rizaľ's house
in Calamba, Laguna. Among his major works are
Geronimo de los Reyes Building, Magsaysay
Building, Rizal Theater, Capitol Theater, Captain Pepe
Building, Manila Jockey Club, Rufino Building,
Philippine Village Hotel, Iglesia ni Cristo Church in
San Juan, San Miguel Pro-Cathedral, Quezon Institute
Hospital, Social Security System Building in Quezon
City, UP Administration Building, and UP Library.
QUEZON HALL – UP DILIMAN
Ocampo, Fernando
Ocampo designed the Manila Cathedral,
Antipolo Cathedral, and UST Chapel.
MANILA CATHEDRAL
Palacio, Genaro O.
Palacio designed the San Sebastian Church.
SAN SEBASTIAN CHURCH
Santos, Jr., Ildefonso P.
Known as the "Father of Landscape
Architecture Ildefonso Santos, Jr. among the
latest recipients of the National Artist of the
Philippines award. designer of majestic parks
and urban spaces, he designed the Loyola
Memorial Park in Marikina City and the Paco
Park and Rizal Park in Manila, as well the
Tagaytay Highlands in Cavite and the Crystal
Springs (a mountain spa)in Los Banos, Laguna.
LOYOLA MEMORIAL PARK,
Santos-Viola, Carlos A.
A well-known "kapilya" designer, Santos-Viola
used to work for Juan Nakpil & Associate. The
first chapel of the Christian evangelical group
Iglesia ni Cristo that he designed was the Cubao
chapel, which marked the start of his long-
lasting work relationship with the INC. Despite
the fact that he designed kapilyas all over the
Philippines, he was a devout Catholic
throughout his entire life.
ANGELES, PAMPANGA
Toledo, Antonio
Toledo designed the Legislative Building,
Manila City Hall, and Agriculture and Finance
Building.
Legislative Building, Manila City Hall
Architectural Design of Top
Local Architects
PHILIPPINE INTERNATIONAL
CONVENTION CENTER
CULTURAL CENTER OF THE
PHILIPPINES
Tanghalang Mariang Makiling-
LEANDRO LOCSIN National Arts Center
QUEZON HALL – UP DILIMAN
JUAN NAKPIL
Far Eastern University Complex – Nicanor Reyes Hall
PABLO ANTONIO
SAN MIGUEL CORPORATION BUILDING
FRANCISCO MANOSA
ANGELES, PAMPANGA CUBAO
SAN PABLO, LAGUNA
CEBU
CARLOS SANTOS-VIOLA
Other Architectural Designs
Taj Mahal - India NOTRE-DAME CATHEDRAL -
FRANCE
KREMLIN & RED SQUARE –
RUSSIA
Other Architectural Designs
KINKAKU JI TEMPLE – JAPAN
EIFFEL TOWER –
FRANCE
LEANING TOWER OF PISA -
ITALY
Other Architectural Designs
SYDNEY OPERA HOUSE –
BURJ KHALIFA – SAUDI AUSTRALIA
ARABIA
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