MAJOR CLIMATE ZONES IN

INDIA
COLD CLIMATE
STUDENTS OF 3RD SEM- DISHITA REDDY, KHUSHI REDDY, ABHISHEK, UTSAV SHETTY, POOJA K A, PRANAV M, GANESH
CLIMATE
REGIONS AND Regions that lie in the cold climate zone
TOPOGRAPH are situated at high altitudes.
Y High-altitude locations are usually much
colder than areas closer to the sea level.
• Cold climate zones lies This is due to low air pressure , as air rises
mostly in the eastern and when it expands and fewer gas molecules
northern part of the India. like O2, CO2 & N2 have fewer chances to
• Leh (Ladakh), Ootacamund, collide with each other.
Shimla, Shillong, Srinagar, The temperature ranges between 20-30 C
J&K, Himachal Pradesh,
Uttarakhand, Arunachal in summers, while in winter it ranges from
Pradesh, Sikkim, -3 to 8 C.
Mahabaleshwaram and
northern parts of Uttar
Pradesh are regions
belonging to this climate.
LADAKH OOTACAMUND SHIMLA
SHILLONG

SRINAGAR HIMACHAL PRADESH UTTARKHAND ARUNACHAL PRADESH

SIKKIM
MAHABALESHWARAM
 TYPES AND CHARECTERSTICS
CHARECTERSTICS • RH varies between 45 to 99%.
OF COLD CLIMATE • Precipitation is variable, but rarely less than
There are 2 types of cold climate:- 1000mm.
• Sky conditions are normally clear or partly
cloudy .
Cold and
sunny – • Winds are variable, predominantly north-east
Leh Ladakh & south-east, but may be deflected by local
topography.
• Vegetation is green although not very
luxuriant during wet season.
Cold and
• Heavy dew at night.
cloudy-
Shimla
COLD AND • Winters are prolonged and summers are short in this
climate.
CLOUDY- • The traditional homes and villages of the sub-Himalayan
region are built on hill slopes that would receive a fair
SHIMLA amount of sunlight.
• The lower floor is occupied by cattle and used for storage,
Month- June the upper floor which is away from cold and damp ground
Maximum possible sunshine- 14.01 has the living room
hr
Maximum air temperature:- 24.3C
Average precipitation:- 147.5
Relative humidity:- 53%( varies
between 70-80%)
Living room bedroom
Wind:- intense during rainfall,
depends on topography. cattle

Sky condition:- fairly clear

throughout the year with cloudiness.
Solar radiation:- low in winter with a
high % of diffuse radiation.
Landscape and vegetation:- highland
region with abundant vegetation.
Cont.. • The cooking area is a part of t, in order to benefit from the
heat generated by it.

• Low timber ceiling provide insulation and conserve the

warmth.
• Windows face the sun.
 • The traditional Ladakhi settlement is usually built on
COLD AND steep slopes facing southward. This allows good
insulation during the day.
SUNNY-
LEH LADAKH
MONTH :- JUNE
MAXIMUM POSSIBLE SUNSHINE:- 14.26
HR
MAXIMUM AIR TEMPERATURE:- 21 C
AVERAGE PRECIPITAION:- 4.3mm (200mm
per year) • Heavy walls (mud) and a well insulated roof (timber &
mud) dampen the variations of indoor temperature.
RELATIVE HUMIDITY:- 31%
WIND:- OCCASSIONALLY INTENSE
SKY CONDITION:- FAIRLY CLEAR
THROUGHOUT THE YEAR WITH CLOUD
COVER LESS THAN 50%.
SOLAR RADIATION:- INTENSE WITH LOW
PERCENTAGE OF DIFFUSE RADIATION.
LANDSCAPE AND VEGETATION:-
MONTANIOUS REGION WITH LITTLE
VEGETATION.
 DESIGN FEATURES OF
• The building should be located on the south slope of
BUILDINGS a hill or mountain for better access to solar radiation.
BUILDING
ORIENTATION • Air tight construction should be considered as it will
help in capturing hot air inside the building envelope
and prevent cold air from entering it.
• Open spaces must be shielded from prevailing cold
wind.
• Interior spaces inside the building need to be
zoned based on the needs of each space
regarding the solar and ventilation
requirements.

Open spaces
• Cold winds can be
avoided by locating the
buildings on the leeward
side.
 • The south facing walls exposed to the radiation could
be thermal capacity such as trombe wall ,to store
DESIGN FEATURES daytime heat for later use.
OF BUILDINGS • Trombe walls consist of an outer
ROOF AND WALLS
layer of darkened glass, a
darkened mass wall and optional
vents which operate on the
principle of storing heat during
the day and radiating it inside
during the night.

• Skylights with shutters on the

roof admit heat and light at
winter. • Rooms with very high
ceiling must be avoided as
• Efficiently designed sloping roofs heat travels up and it will
enables quick drainage of rainwater be wasted where none can
and snow feel it.
 • The external surfaces should be dark so that it absorbs
DESIGN FEATURES heat from the sun.
OF BUILDINGS • Roof should be coloured darker as dark colours
absorbs heat and allow to passively warm inside the
COLOUR, TEXTURE building.
AND VENTILATION
Glass with low thermal transmittances,
like hermetically sealed double glass,
must be preferred.
Sealed and double glazed windows
help reduce heat loss. • If windows are too many used one can loose
heat or if few are put one would not receive
Skylights are also
heat.
• The windows must be placed
good option, as they
bring in more facing south, north when
natural light and are building within hemisphere,
easier to point to and south when building north
the sun. of the equator.
 • Covered outdoor spaces will help protect against the
DESIGN FEATURES weather and stop snow accumulation in walking areas.
OF BUILDINGS • Covered entrances and open spaces
prevent cold air from distracting the
ENTRANCES AND comfort the user while entering or
PATHWAYS exiting the building.
SNOW MELTING SYSTEMS:
It detects the snow/ice through
inground sensors and heats the
affected surface using pipes
embedded in the concrete, sand or
asphalt which circulate warm fluid.
Thereafter the snow melts keeping
the area clear all the times and
warmer.
PATHWAYS
• Snow melting systems, also called radiant heat systems, are
useful in cold climates.
• The cables or mats are installed beneath the sidewalks and use
radiation to supply enough heat to melt snow to give a stable
secure path.
 • One has to make sure the wall , roofs and floor
DESIGN FEATURES configurations are appropriate for the climate.
OF BUILDINGS • Colder climate enjoy a really low thermal
THERMAL TRANSMITTANCE transmittance.
AND SHADING

• Cold climates often need highly glazed facades for max

natural lightings.
• Installation of automatically controlled shading systems
helps the user choose the proper amount of shade
required at the proper time.
• Roofs must even be shielding from direct radiation
through coatings, vegetation and so on.
 • Insulating material like timber and dirt plaster are
DESIGN FEATURES often used on the walls to make facades that prevents
OF BUILDINGS heat loss in the max amount possible.
MATERIAL AND OTHER • Timber panelled walls and windows help reduce the
THERMAL STRATEGIES
speed of transfer of warmth.
THERMAL STRATEGIES
• The heat from the existing
appliances inside the building
like the burner and fire places,
must be efficiently.
• Rock beds help increase the
thermal mass of the building by
making use of existing heat to
make more heat.
• Earth berms, utilizing earth
against building walls to scale
back the quantity of warmth loss
from inside the building.
• Sunspaces helps store solar heat
centrally for uniform distribution
into all places inside the building.
THANK YOU