Intelligence Testing

Layperson & Intelligence

“There is no definition of Intelligence”

“You cannot measure Intelligence”
“oh, are you talking about IQ”
Term “IQ” often used casually in conversations
•IQ and Intelligence are both slightly different concepts
•Intelligence is the broadest term, more related to the ability to acquire and apply knowledge.
Whereas
•IQ denote a quotient i.e.
IQ= Mental Age/Chronological age ˟ 100
• Sternberg is the person who made first attempt in
describing intelligence by defining it in two way
• Operational definition
– Concept in terms of the way it is measured
• Real definition
that seeks to tell the true nature of the thing being
measured
• One and only way of producing Real definition is through
experts. There are bunch of definition that was appeared
in symposium in 1921
 Intelligence definitions

• Intelligence has been defined as the following:

Spearman (1904, 1923): a general ability that involves mainly
the education of relations and correlates.
Binet and Simon (1905): the ability to judge well, to understand
well, to reason well.
Terman (1916): the capacity to form concepts and to grasp their
significance.
Thorndike (1921): the power of good responses from the point
of view of truth or fact.
Thurstone (1921): the capacity to inhibit instinctive adjustments,
flexibly imagine different responses, and realize modified
instinctive adjustments into overt behavior.
Wechsler (1939): The aggregate or global capacity of the
individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal
effectively with the environment.
Piaget (1972): a generic term to indicate the superior forms of
organization or equilibrium of cognitive structuring used for
adaptation to the physical and social environment.
Sternberg (1985a. 1986): the mental capacity to automatize
information processing and to emit contextually appropriate
behavior in response to novelty; intelligence also includes meta-
components, performance components, and knowledge-
acquisition components
Sattler (2001): intelligent behavior reflects the survival skills of
the species, beyond those associated with basic physiological
processes.
• All these experts have following common
points
 The capacity to learn from experience
 The capacity to adapt to new environment
Theories of Intelligence
 Galton & Sensory Keenness
The only information that reaches us concerning
outward events appears to pass through the avenues of
our senses; and the more perceptive the senses are of
difference, and more intelligence and judgmental
abilities one have
•Jensen (1980) , Reaction Time-Movement Time and
intelligence
•Application in cultured-reduced studies
Two factor theory
 Multiple Factor theories
• Thurstone (1938) Multifactor Theory of intelligence
• “primary abilities.”
• Noticed a moderate correlation between the tests,
• It is impossible to develop an intelligence test that did
not tap g.
• Verbal Comprehension, Word Fluency, Number,
Space, Associative memory, perceptual speed and
inductive reasoning.
 Gardner Theory of Multiple
intelligence
• According to this theory
we are all able to know the world through
• language,
• logical-mathematical analysis,
• spatial representation,
• musical thinking,
• the use of the body to solve problems or to make
things, an understanding of other individuals, and an
understanding of ourselves.
Intelligence test
 Intelligence testing of infants
• Primarily measurement of sensory-motor
development.
• Measurement of non-verbal, motor responses
such as turning over, lifting of head, siting up,
following a moving object with eye, gestural
imitation.
• structured interview with parents, caretakers
and guardians.
 Tests

• Gesell Developmental Schedules

• Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scale
• Ordinal scale of psychological development
• Bayley scales of infant development
• Battelle Developmental Inventory
• Developmental assessment of young children
• Fagan Test of infant intelligence
 Pre school intelligence tests
• Wechsler preschool and primary scale of
intelligence (WPPSI-R)
• Stanford-Binet: Fourth edition
• Kaufman assessment battery for children (K-
ABC)
• McCarthy scale of intelligence
 Versions of Wechsler’s tests
• Wechsler’s first effort to measure adult intelligence, the Wechsler–Bellevue scale
(Wechsler, 1939), was poorly standardized. Its normative sample consisted of a non-
representative sample of 1081 whites from the eastern United States (primarily New York
residents).
• By 1955, however, Wechsler had revised the Wechsler–Bellevue scale into its modern
Versions of Wechsler’s tests
form, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS), which was revised in 1981 (the
WAIS-R), again in 1997 (the WAIS-III), and yet again in 2008 (WAIS-IV) with the WAIS-V
no doubt soon to come. To better understand the modern Wechsler scales, it is important
to reflect on the concepts underlying the original distinction between the verbal and
performance IQs
 Core Wechsler Subtests
Subtest Major function measured by various
subtests
Vocabulary Vocabulary level
Similarities Abstract thinking
Arithmetic Concentration
Digit span Immediate memory, anxiety
Information Range of knowledge
Coding Visual–motor functioning
Block design Nonverbal reasoning
Matrix reasoning Inductive reasoning
Visual puzzles Perceptual reasoning
Symbol search Information-processing speed
Stanford Binet Intelligence scale-5th
ed
• It is the new test, published in 2003.
• The organization of SB5 was guided by the
principle that each of the five factor (fluid
reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning,
visual-spatial reasoning and working memory)
can be assessed into two distinct forms verbal
and non-verbal.
• SB5 provides a number of different
perspectives on cognitive functioning of an
examinee
• Ten subtests scores and five factors scores.
• The developers of the SB5 also screened test
for fairness based on religious as well as
traditional concerns.
 Intelligence testing with special
population
• People with disabilities
• The gifted
• Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test - Second Edition
 The UNIT2 is designed to provide a fair assessment of
intelligence for individuals who have speech, language, or
hearing impairments; have different cultural or language
backgrounds; or are verbally uncommunicative.
 10-15 minutes for the Abbreviated Battery; 30 minutes for
the Standard Battery; and 45-60 minutes for the Full Scale
Battery
 Group Intelligence test
In schools In Military
• California test of mental • Officer Qualifying test
maturity • Airman Qualifying Exam
• Kuhlmann-Anderson • Armed services vocational
Intelligence tests aptitude battery
• Henmon-Nelson test of
mental ability
• The Otis mental ability test
 Comparison of Group and
Individual Ability Tests
Individual Versus Group tests

Individual tests Group Tests

One subject is tested at a time. Many subjects are tested at a time.

Examiner records responses. Subjects record own responses.

Scoring requires considerable skill. Scoring is straightforward and objective.

Examiner flexibility can elicit maximum There are no safeguards.

performance if permitted by
standardization.
 Unique Advantages of Individual and
Group Tests
Individual tests Group tests
Provide information beyond the Are cost-efficient
test score
Allow the examiner to observe Minimize professional time for
behavior in a standard setting administration and scoring
Allow individualized interpretation Require less examiner skill and
of test scores training
Have especially broad application

Have more objective and more

reliable scoring procedures
• College and graduate-school entrance tests also account for a large
proportion of the group ability tests used in the United States. The most
popular college entrance tests include the SAT and the American
College Test (ACT). Students looking toward postgraduate work may
have to take the GRE, the Miller Analogies Test, or a more specialized
test such as the Law School Admission Test (LSAT).
• Several nonverbal group ability tests have proven helpful for
determining intelligence in certain populations. The Raven Progressive
Matrices (RPM) and the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test (G-HDT) can
provide helpful data on intelligence; the latest edition of the former has
norms that allow worldwide comparisons. The IPAT Culture Fair
Intelligence Test also provides good data on intelligence; however, it may
soon be obsolete without further revisions.
• Other group ability tests can help vocational
counselors assess ability for certain occupations;
the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB) is one.
Still other group ability tests measure aptitude for
advanced or professional training. Developed for
the military, the Armed Services Vocational
Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) provides helpful data
for both military and civilian applications.
 Assignment

• Administer any valid intelligence test

i.e. Otis Quick Scoring Mental Ability
Test, Score and interpret it.
 Companies
using Intelligence Testing

• KPMG • 3M
• Hewlett Packard • Raytheon
• Citigroup • Eon
• American multinational • Chevron
investment banking • UBS
• Procter & Gamble • CoCa cola
• Microsoft

https://www.graduatemonkey.com/blog/entry/top-30-companies-that-use-
psychometric-tests.html
 Intelligence Testing and
Pakistan
• National Testing Service
 PIA- Pakistan International Airline
 NAB-National Accountability Bureau
 LESCO- Lahore Electric Supply Company
 SBP- State Bank of Pakistan
 ISSB- Pakistan Navy, Air force and Army
 Rescue 1122
 Northern Power Generation Company Limited
 ODGCL-Oil & Gas Development Company Limited

• Ufone
• Telenor
 Societies for Intelligence
• MENSA international
• The Pars society
• The Giga society
• International high IQ society
• The Mega foundation
• The cerebals society
• The Prometheus society
• Mysterium
• The triple nine society
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