Database Applications (15-415)
SQL-Part I
Lecture 8, January 30, 2018
Mohammad Hammoud
Today…
Last Session:
Relational Calculus
Today’s Session:
Standard Query Language (SQL)- Part I
Announcements:
PS2 is due on Sunday, Feb 04 by midnight
Quiz I will be on Sunday, Feb 11
P1 is due on Thursday, Feb 15 by midnight
In this week’s recitation, we will practice on SQL
Outline
SQL Major Aspects
Basic SQL Queries
Set Operations
Aggregate Functions & Group By, Having and
Order By Clauses
SQL Major Aspects
A major strength of the relational model is that it supports
simple and powerful querying of data
Structured Query Language (SQL) is the most widely used
commercial relational database language
SQL has several aspects to it:
1. Data Manipulation Language (DML)
It allows users to pose queries and insert, delete
and modify rows
2. Data Definition Language (DDL)
It allows users to create, delete, and modify tables and views
SQL Major Aspects
SQL has several aspects to it:
3. Triggers and Advanced Integrity Constraints
It supports “triggers”, which are actions executed by the
DBMS whenever changes to the database meet conditions
specified in triggers
4. Embedded and Dynamic Language
Embedded SQL allows SQL code to be called from a host
language (e.g., Java)
Dynamic SQL allows SQL queries to be constructed and
executed at run-time
SQL Major Aspects
SQL has several aspects to it:
3. Triggers and Advanced Integrity Constraints
It supports “triggers”, which are actions executed by the
DBMS whenever changes to the database meet conditions
specified in triggers
4. Embedded and Dynamic Language
Embedded SQL allows SQL code to be called from a host
language (e.g., Java)
Dynamic SQL allows SQL queries to be constructed and
executed at run-time
SQL Major Aspects
SQL has several aspects to it:
5. Remote Database Access
It allows connecting client programs to remote
database servers
6. Transaction Management
It allows users to explicitly control aspects of how a
transaction is to be executed (later in the semester)
7. Security
It provides mechanisms to control users’ accesses to data
objects (e.g., tables and views)
And others…
Outline
SQL Major Aspects
Basic SQL Queries
Set Operations
Aggregate Functions & Group By, Having and
Order By Clauses
Basic SQL Queries
The basic form of an SQL query is as follows:
select a1, a2, … an The Column-List
from r1, r2, … rm The Relation-List
where P Qualification (Optional)
Equivalence to Relational Algebra
The basic form of an SQL query is as follows:
select a1, a2, … an
from r1, r2, … rm
where P
a1,a 2,... an ( P (r1 r 2 ... rm))
join
Reminder: Our Mini-U DB
STUDENT CLASS
Ssn Name Address c-id c-name units
123 smith main str 15-413 s.e. 2
234 jones QF ave 15-412 o.s. 2
TAKES
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 A
234 15-413 B
The WHERE Clause
Find the ssn(s) of everybody called “smith”
STUDENT
Ssn Name Address
123 smith main str
234 jones QF ave
select ssn
from student
where name=‘smith’
The WHERE Clause
Find ssn(s) of all “smith”s on “main”
STUDENT
Ssn Name Address
123 smith main str
234 jones QF ave
select ssn
from student
where address=‘main’ and
name = ‘smith’
The WHERE Clause
Boolean operators (and, or, not)
Comparison operators (<, ≤, >, ≥, =, ≠)
And more…
What About Strings?
Find student ssn(s) who live on “main” (st or
str or street – i.e., “main st” or “main str” or
“main street”)
select ssn
from student
where address like ‘main%’
%: Variable-length do not care (i.e., stands for 0 or more arbitrary characters)
_: Single-character do not care (i.e., stands for any 1 character)
Another Example on Pattern Matching
Find the ages of sailors whose names begin and end
with B and have at least 3 characters
Sailors
Sid Sname Rating age
22 Dustin 7 45.0
29 Brutus 1 33.0
select S.age
from Sailors S
where S.sname like ‘B_%B’
The FROM Clause
Find the names of students taking 15-415
STUDENT CLASS
Ssn Name Address c-id c-name units
123 smith main str 15-413 s.e. 2
234 jones QF ave 15-412 o.s. 2
TAKES
2-way Join! SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 A
234 15-413 B
The FROM Clause
Find the names of students taking 15-415
select Name
from STUDENT, TAKES
where ???
The FROM Clause
Find the names of students taking 15-415
select Name
from STUDENT, TAKES
where STUDENT.ssn = TAKES.ssn
and TAKES.c-id = ‘15-415’
Renaming: Tuple Variables
Find the names of students taking 15-415
select Name
from STUDENT as S, TAKES as T
where S.ssn = T.ssn
and T.c-id = “15-415”
Optional!
Renaming: Self-Joins
Find Tom’s grandparent(s)
PC PC
p-id c-id p-id c-id
Mary Tom Mary Tom
Peter Mary Peter Mary
John Tom John Tom
select gp.p-id
from PC as gp, PC
where gp.c-id= PC.p-id
and PC.c-id = ‘Tom’
More on Self-Joins
Find names and increments for the ratings of persons
who have sailed two different boats on the same day
Sailors Reserves
Sid Sname Rating age Sid Bid Day
22 Dustin 7 45.0 22 101 10/10/2013
29 Brutus 1 33.0 22 102 10/10/2013
More on Self-Joins
Find names and increments for the ratings of persons
who have sailed two different boats on the same day
Sailors Reserves
Sid Sname Rating age Sid Bid Day
22 Dustin 7 45.0 22 101 10/10/2013
29 Brutus 1 33.0 22 102 10/10/2013
select S.sname, S.rating+1 as rating
from Sailors S, Reserves R1, Reserves R2
where S.sid = R1.sid and S.sid = R2.sid
and R1.day = R2.day and R1.bid != R2.bid
Renaming: Theta Joins
Find course names with more units than 15-415
CLASS
c-id c-name units
15-413 s.e. 2
15-412 o.s. 2
select c1.c-name
from class as c1, class as c2
where c1.units > c2.units
and c2.c-id = ‘15-415’
Outline
SQL Major Aspects
Basic SQL Queries
Set Operations
Aggregate Functions & Group By, Having and
Order By Clauses
Set Operations
Find ssn(s) of students taking both 15-415 and 15-413
TAKES
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 A
234 15-413 B
select ssn
from takes
where c-id=‘15-415’ and
c-id=‘15-413’
Set Operations
Find ssn(s) of students taking both 15-415 and 15-413
TAKES
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 A
234 15-413 B
(select ssn from takes where c-id=“15-415” )
intersect
(select ssn from takes where c-id=“15-413” )
Other operations: union , except
Set Operations
Find ssn(s) of students taking 15-415 or 15-413
TAKES
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 A
234 15-413 B
(select ssn from takes where c-id=“15-415” )
union
(select ssn from takes where c-id=“15-413” )
Set Operations
Find ssn(s) of students taking 15-415 but not 15-413
TAKES
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 A
234 15-413 B
(select ssn from takes where c-id=“15-415” )
except
(select ssn from takes where c-id=“15-413” )
Another Example on Set Operations
Find the names of sailors who have reserved both a
red and a green boat
Sailors Reserves
Sid Sname Rating age Sid Bid Day
22 Dustin 7 45.0 22 101 10/10/2013
29 Brutus 1 33.0 22 102 10/11/2013
Boats
Bid Bname Color
101 Interlake Red
102 Clipper Green
Another Example on Set Operations
Find the names of sailors who have reserved both a
red and a green boat
(select S.sname from Sailors S, Reserves R, Boats B
where S.sid = R.sid and R.bid = B.bid and B.color = ‘green’)
intersect
(select S2.sname from Sailors S2, Reserves R2, Boats B2
where S2.sid = R2.sid and R2.bid = B2.bid and B2.color = ‘red’)
The query contains a “subtle bug” which arises because we are using sname to
identify Sailors, and “sname” is not a key for Sailors!
We can compute the names of such Sailors using a NESTED query (which we
cover next lecture!)
Outline
SQL Major Aspects
Basic SQL Queries
Set Operations
Aggregate Functions & Group By, Having and
Order By Clauses
Aggregate Functions
Find average grade, across all students
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 4
234 15-413 3
select ??
from takes
Aggregate Functions
Find average grade, across all students
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 4
234 15-413 3
select avg(grade)
from takes
Other functions: Count ([Distinct] A), Sum ([Distinct] A), Max (A), Min (A),
assuming column A
Aggregate Functions
Find total number of enrollments
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 4
234 15-413 3
select count(*)
from takes
Aggregate Functions
Find total number of students in 15-415
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 4
234 15-413 3
select count(*)
from takes
where c-id=‘15-415’
Aggregate Functions
Find the name and age of the oldest sailor
Sailors
Sid Sname Rating age
22 Dustin 7 45.0
29 Brutus 1 33.0
select S.sname, max (S.age)
from Sailors S
This query is illegal in SQL- If the “select” clause uses an aggregate function, it
must use ONLY aggregate function unless the query contains a “group by” clause!
The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Find the age of the youngest sailor for each rating level
Sailors
Sid Sname Rating age
22 Dustin 7 45.0
29 Brutus 1 33.0
In general, we do not know how many rating levels exist, and what
the rating values for these levels are!
Suppose we know that rating values go from 1 to 10; we can write
10 queries that look like this (!):
SELECT MIN (S.age)
For i = 1, 2, ... , 10: FROM Sailors S
WHERE S.rating = i
The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Find the age of the youngest sailor for each rating level
Sailors
Sid Sname Rating age
22 Dustin 7 45.0
29 Brutus 1 33.0
Using the GROUP BY clause, we can write this query as follows:
select S.rating, min (S.age)
from Sailors S
group by S.rating The Grouping-List
“Every” column that appears in the Column-List
“must” also appear in the Grouping-List
The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Find age of the youngest sailor with age ≥ 18, for each
rating level with at least 2 sailors
Sailors
Sid Sname Rating age
22 Dustin 7 45.0
29 Brutus 1 33.0
SELECT S.rating, MIN (S.age) AS minage
FROM Sailors S
WHERE S.age >= 18
GROUP BY S.rating
HAVING COUNT (*) > 1
The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Find age of the youngest sailor with age ≥ 18, for each
rating level with at least 2 sailors
rating age rating age
7 45.0 1 33.0
1 33.0 3 25.5 rating minage
8 55.5
3 63.5 3 25.5
8 25.5
3 25.5 7 35.0
10 35.0
7 35.0
7 45.0 8 25.5
10 16.0 7 35.0
9 35.0 8 55.5
3 25.5 8 25.5
3 63.5 9 35.0
3 25.5 10 35.0
The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Find age of the youngest sailor with age ≥ 18, for each
rating level with at least 2 sailors, and with every sailor
under 60
SELECT S.rating, MIN (S.age) AS minage
FROM Sailors S
WHERE S.age >= 18
GROUP BY S.rating
HAVING COUNT (*) > 1 AND EVERY (S.age <=60)
The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Find age of the youngest sailor with age ≥ 18, for each
rating level with at least 2 sailors, and with every sailor
under 60
rating age
rating age
7 45.0 1 33.0
1 33.0 3 25.5
rating minage
8 55.5 3 63.5
7 35.0
8 25.5 3 25.5
10 35.0
8 25.5
7 45.0
7 35.0 7 35.0
10 16.0 8 55.5 What would be the result if
9 35.0
8 25.5 we change EVERY to ANY in
3 25.5
9 35.0 “HAVING COUNT (*) > 1
3 63.5
10 35.0 AND EVERY (S.age <=60)”?
3 25.5
The GROUP BY and HAVING Clauses
Find age of the youngest sailor with age ≥ 18, for each
rating level with at least 2 sailors between 18 and 60
SELECT S.rating, MIN (S.age) AS minage
FROM Sailors S
WHERE S.age >= 18 AND S.age <= 60
GROUP BY S.rating
HAVING COUNT (*) > 1
Will this give the same result as the previous query which uses the
EVERY clause?
Will this give the same result as the previous query which uses the
ANY clause?
The ORDER BY Clause
Find student records, sorted in name order
select *
from student
where ??
The ORDER BY Clause
Find student records, sorted in name order
select *
from student
order by name asc
asc is the default
The ORDER BY Clause
Find student records, sorted in name order;
break ties by reverse ssn
select *
from student
order by name, ssn desc
More Examples
Find the total number of students in each course
SSN c-id grade
123 15-413 4
234 15-413 3
select count(*)
from takes
where ???
More Examples
Find the total number of students in each course
SSN c-id grade c-id count
123 15-413 4 15-413 2
234 15-413 3
select c-id, count(*)
from takes
group by c-id
More Examples
Find total number of students in each course,
and sort by count, in decreasing order
SSN c-id grade c-id pop
123 15-413 4 15-413 2
234 15-413 3
select c-id, count(*) as pop
from takes
group by c-id
order by pop desc
Concluding Remarks
SQL was an important factor in the early acceptance of
the relational model
It is more natural than earlier procedural
query languages
SQL is relationally complete; in fact, significantly more
expressive power than relational algebra
Even queries that can be expressed in relational
algebra can often be expressed more naturally in SQL
Next Class
SQL- Part II
