Chapter 9
Alternative Ways to Work
Presentation Overview
How are jobs created?
Alternative ways to work
Contingent workforce
The gig economy
Retirement
CIP perspective
Job Creation
Where do jobs come from?
Consumer wants & needs— How might this
what are some examples of
these?
inform your
Number of jobs created by career planning
new businesses—success &
failure of start ups
and job hunting?
Impact of artificial intelligence (AI)
on future employment
Alternative Ways to Work:
Examples
Permanent full-time “Moonlighting”
positions Job sharing
Part-time Telecommuting
Flextime, Compressed Self-employment,
workweek, Comp time independent
Overtime
contracting
Shift work Cooperatives
Permanent Full-Time Positions
Most common way of working (typically
50 to 80% of workers)
Term “permanent” may have less
meaning in today’s economy
Individuals work directly for the
organization with full benefits
Part-Time Positions
Most common alternative way to work
Defined as 1-34 hours per week
Allow employers to adjust to changes in
consumer demands
Meets needs of employees with other
personal responsibilities
Flextime
Variety of ways to flex—e.g., 4 Which of
these might
days at 10 hours per week, 6:30
appeal to
am-3:30 pm, working longer days you or not?
and half days, weekends, etc.
Flextime
What are some advantages of flextime?
Helping employees meet other
obligations
Helping employers cover different shifts
Help communities with traffic problems
Compressed Work Week/ Comp
Time
Variations on flextime
Working extra hours to have some
days off
Allowing employees to work extra
hours and then “bank” them for
personal time
Overtime
Hourly vs. salaried employees—how do
they differ?
Role of U.S. Fair Labor Standards Act on
hourly (or non-exempt) employees
What accounts for employers’ use of overtime?
Check organization’s policy on overtime work
Shift Work
24-hour work schedules— How might
including night, early morning, shift work
affect
and weekend work employees’
May be expected of lifestyle and
other life roles?
workers at all levels
Moonlighting
Examples include: What are the
pros and
2 part-time jobs
cons of
Full-time job plus a moonlighting?
part-time job
2 full-time jobs
Job Sharing
Single job shared by 2 people
What are some advantages of job
sharing for individuals? For
organizations?
What are some keys to proposing a
job sharing plan to one’s employer?
Telecommuting
Working from a remote site away from
the office
Home-based work most common
Made possible because of technology
What are some pros and cons of
telecommuting for workers & organizations?
Self-Employment/ Independent
Contracting
Important source of jobs—10% of the workforce
Growth in women-owned businesses
Failure rate
Importance of using resources on starting
a business
Distinctions between employees &
independent contractors (see Table 9.1)
Cooperatives
Worker owned companies, often found in
rural communities & states
Organized to meet a need not fulfilled by
the marketplace
What are some examples of cooperatives?
How might this type of work fit with your
skills, interest, & values?
Contingent Workforce
One of the fastest growing areas of the
economy
Has expanded to many different industries
Variety of terms used (see Table 9.2)
Nature of the work is uncertain, unpredictable,
dependent on employers’ needs
Contingent workers now a fixed part of many
organizations
Outsourcing
Organizations contracting with other companies
to do work previously done by organization’s
employees
Switching from a permanent employee to
working as a contingent worker and doing the
same job
What are some examples of jobs that can or
have been outsourced?
How might this affect you as a worker?
Employee Leasing
Similar to outsourcing, leasing company
“leases” employees back to an organization
Often done to cover personnel functions
What could this mean if you are working in
an organization or seeking a job?
Temporary Services
“Temps” are in a job with an ending date What are the
Temporary employment vs. pros and
cons of temp
working for a staffing agency
work?
Distinguish between the terms,
employee, employer, and client in
the context of temporary employment
What does “temp-to-hire” mean?
The Gig Economy
Various terms used to describe this type
of contingent work
Covers a wide variety of occupations
Often based around “digital matching”
Benefits & “costs” of gig work
What might make someone choose to
work in the gig economy?
Issues with Contingent Work
Contingent work and job satisfaction
Nature of employee benefits or lack thereof
Being tied to work that provides no
benefits or paid vacation
How does precarious work affect
individuals employed in these positions?
Internships & Co-ops
Specialized type of contingent work
Provides employers with a chance to observe intern/co-op
students as potential permanent employees
US Department of Labor guidelines that govern unpaid
internships
Internships as a link to full-time positions
What About Retirement?
How do alternative ways of working affect
retirement plans?
Extent to which education, work, and
leisure have merged in today’s society
Options for individuals in retirement
Redefining what “retirement” means—
”encore careers”
CIP Perspective
Self-Knowledge
New ways of working can still relate to interests,
values, skills, employment preferences
Option Knowledge
New schema and language needed for jobs and
employment
Connecting contingent & permanent work
positions in one’s career tapestry
CIP Perspective
Decision Making (CASVE Cycle)
Rapid changes in organizations will create
more gaps for career decisions
Executive Processing
Requires new career metacognitions—what
are some of these?
Thinking about the extent to which your
career will include alternative ways of
working
Summary
Learning about options for alternative ways of
working
Understanding how jobs are created
Social forces that impact “regular” and
contingent jobs
Potential problems associated with alternative
ways of working
CIP perspective
