Module 1: Mathematical Logic
and Statement Calculus
Introduction-Statements and Notation
Connectives
Tautologies
Two State Devices and Statement logic
Equivalence - Implications–Normal forms
The Theory of Inference for the Statement Calculus
Let’s get started with...
Logic!
What is it???
Logic
• Crucial for mathematical reasoning
• Logic is a system based on propositions.
• A proposition is a statement that is either true or
false (not both).
• We say that the truth value of a proposition is either
true (T) or false (F).
• Corresponds to 1 and 0 in digital circuits
The
Statement/Propositio
n Game…
The Statement/Proposition Game
• “Elephants are bigger than mice.”
Is this a statement? yes
Is this a proposition? yes
What is the truth value
of the proposition? true
The Statement/Proposition Game
• “520 < 111”
Is this a statement? yes
Is this a proposition? yes
What is the truth value
of the proposition? false
The Statement/Proposition Game
• “y > 5”
Is this a statement? yes
Is this a proposition? no
Its truth value depends on the value of y,
but this value is not specified.
We call this type of statement a
propositional function or open sentence.
The Statement/Proposition Game
• “Today is July 22 and 99 < 5.”
Is this a statement? yes
Is this a proposition? yes
What is the truth value
of the proposition? false
The Statement/Proposition Game
• “Please do not fall asleep.”
Is this a statement? no
It’s a request.
Is this a proposition? no
Only statements can be propositions.
The Statement/Proposition Game
• “If elephants were red,
• they could hide in cherry trees.”
Is this a statement? yes
Is this a proposition? yes
What is the truth value
of the proposition? probably false
The Statement/Proposition Game
• “x < y if and only if y > x.”
Is this a statement? yes
Is this a proposition? yes
… because its truth value
does not depend on
specific values of x and y.
What is the truth value
of the proposition? true
Combining Propositions
•As we have seen in the previous examples, one
or more propositions can be combined to form a
single compound proposition.
•We formalize this by denoting propositions with
letters such as p, q, r, s, and introducing several
logical operators.
Logical Operators (Connectives)
•We will examine the following logical operators:
• Negation (NOT)
• Conjunction (AND)
• Disjunction (OR)
• Exclusive or (XOR)
• Implication (if – then)
• Biconditional (if and only if)
•Truth tables can be used to show how these operators
can combine propositions to compound propositions.
Negation (NOT)
• Unary Operator, Symbol:
P P
true (T) false (F)
false (F) true (T)
Conjunction (AND)
• Binary Operator, Symbol:
P Q PQ
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F
Disjunction (OR)
• Binary Operator, Symbol:
P Q PQ
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F
Exclusive Or (XOR)
• Binary Operator, Symbol:
P Q PQ
T T F
T F T
F T T
F F F
Implication (if - then)
• Binary Operator, Symbol:
P Q PQ
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T
Biconditional (if and only if)
• Binary Operator, Symbol:
P Q PQ
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F T
Statements and Operators
• Statements and operators can be combined in any way
to form new statements.
P Q P Q (P)(Q)
T T F F F
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T T T
Statements and Operations
• Statements and operators can be combined in any way to
form new statements.
P Q PQ (P)(Q)
(PQ)
T T T F F
T F F T T
F T F T T
F F F T T
Equivalent Statements
P Q (PQ) (P)(Q) (PQ)(P)(Q)
T T F F T
T F T T T
F T T T T
F F T T T
• The statements (PQ) and (P) (Q) are logically equivalent,
since (PQ) (P) (Q) is always true.
If the seed catalog is correct then if seeds are
planted in April then the
flowers bloom in July. The flowers do not
bloom in July. Therefore, if seeds
are planted in April then the seed catalog is
not correct.
