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Efflorescence

Salts can undergo efflorescence, deliquescence, and hygroscopy. [1] Efflorescence is when salts lose water of crystallization to the atmosphere through heating or sunlight exposure. Examples include CuSO4.5H2O. [2] Deliquescence is when salts absorb water from the atmosphere and dissolve in it, such as CaCl2 and MgCl2. [3] Hygroscopy is when salts absorb water from the atmosphere without dissolving, like NaNO3 and CuO, which are used as drying agents to absorb moisture from gases.

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891 views7 pages

Efflorescence

Salts can undergo efflorescence, deliquescence, and hygroscopy. [1] Efflorescence is when salts lose water of crystallization to the atmosphere through heating or sunlight exposure. Examples include CuSO4.5H2O. [2] Deliquescence is when salts absorb water from the atmosphere and dissolve in it, such as CaCl2 and MgCl2. [3] Hygroscopy is when salts absorb water from the atmosphere without dissolving, like NaNO3 and CuO, which are used as drying agents to absorb moisture from gases.

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Joel Titus
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PROCESSES/PHENOMENON THAT SALTS UNDERGO

They undergo efflorescence, deliquescence and hygroscopy.

1. EFFLORESCENCE; is a process where salts lose water of


crystallization to the atmosphere when heated (or exposed to
sunlight).
E.g of efflorescent salts; CuSO4.5H2O, MgSO4.H2O, CaCl2.9H2O,
Na2CO3.10H2O.

Attempt the IUPAC name of these compounds; e.g


Na2CO3.10H2O is sodiumtrioxocarbonate(IV)decahydrate
NOTE; Efflorescent salts always contain .H2O
The equation below illustrates efflorescence.
CuSO4.5H2O heat CuSO4.H2O + 4H2O

Function of water of crystallization to hydrated salts.


1. it gives colour to the salts
2. it gives shape to the salts.

DELIQUESCENCE: is the process in which salts absorb water(moisture)


from the atmosphere and form solution(dissolve in it).
Examples of deliquescent salts;
silica gel (SiO2), caustic soda (NaOH), caustic potash(KOH),
ferric chloride(FeCl3), iron(II)chloride (FeCl2), MgCl2, CaCl2,
ZnCl2, NH4NO3.

HYGROSCOPY; is a process in which salts absorb water from


the atmosphere without forming solution.
Examples of hygroscopic salts; quicklime (CaO),
sodiumtrioxonitrate(V) (NaNO3), sucrose,
copper(II)oxide(CuO), poshorus(V)chloride (P2O5),
concentrated H2SO4.
Hygroscopic and deliquescent salts absorb
moisture from substances, so all hygroscopic and
few deliquescent salts are used as drying agents
(dessicants) to dry gases.

TABLE OF DRYING AGENTS FOR GASES.


DRYING AGENTS GASES THEY DRY
Quicklime(CaO) Ammonia(NH3)
Fused CaCl2 CO2 (not suitable for ammonia)
Conc. H2SO4 HCl, SO2, Cl2
(not suitable for ammonia)
Silica gel(SiO2) All gases, ammonia
Questions:
1.Give reason why calciumoxide is not suitable to
dry HCl gas. State one suitable drying agent for HCl
gas. WASSCE, 2019.
ANSWER: it is because calcium oxide will react with
the hydrogenchloride gas. Concentrated H2SO4,
Calciumchloride.
2. state suitable drying agent for the following
gases; hydrogen, ammonia, Sulphur(IV)oxide.
ANSWER;
hydrogen – conc. tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid.
Ammonia – quicklime
Sulphur(IV)oxide – conc. tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid.
3. give reason why concentrated
tetraoxosulphate(VI) acid, calcium chloride cannot
be used to dry ammonia.
State suitable drying drying agent for ammonia.
ANSWER: It is because conc. H2SO4 react with ammonia.
2NH3 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4
4. which is a deliquescent salt? A. CuO B. NaNO3
C. NaOH. D. CaCl2.9H2O
5. What is the phenomenon represented by the equation,
Na2SO4.10H2O Na2SO4 + 10H2O
A. effervescence B. Efflorescence C. hygroscopy
D. deliquescence.
6. A substance that absorb moisture from the atmosphere but
do not dissolve in it is said to be
A. hydration B. Efflorescence C. hygroscopy
D. deliquescence

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