Week 5:
Algorithms
Prepared by:
Ms. Angilyn J. Leoncio
Algorithm
Definition
It is a list of instructions specifying a A finite set of an instruction that
precise description of a step by step specifies a sequence of operation to be
process that terminates after a finite carried out in order to solve a specific
number of steps for solving an problem.
algorithm problem producing the
correct answer in the end. An unambiguous procedure specifying
a finite number of steps to be taken.
It is a recipe for solving problems.
Properties of Algorithm
Finiteness - there is an exact Input and Output - defined the unknowns
number of steps to be taken and has of the problem is specified and with the
an end. expected outcome.
Absence of Ambiguity - means Effectiveness - the solution prescribed is
that every instruction is precisely guaranteed to give a correct answer and that
described and clearly specified. the specified process is faithfully carried out.
Sequence of Execution - Scope Definition - applies to a specific
instructions are performed from top problem or class of problem.
to bottom.
Methods of Specifying Algorithm
Pseudocode - specifies the steps
Flowchart - a traditional graphical
of algorithm using essentially tool with standardized symbols.
natural language of superimposed Show the sequence of steps in an
control structure. algorithm.
Flowcharting Guidelines
1. The flowchart should flow from top to bottom
2. If the chart becomes complex, utilize connecting blocks
3. Avoid intersecting flow lines
4. Use meaningful description in the symbol
Methods of Specifying Algorithm
START START
System Flowchart
Program Flowchart
Gather time cards Enter
from departments Employee #
A flowchart is a formalized
A graphical representation of a
Input # of
graphic representation of a logic Gather employee computer program in relation to its work days
files from HR
sequence, work or manufacturing sequence of functions
Input basic
Compute salary (w/ salary
process, organization chart, or deductions)
similar formalized structure.
Total = basic salary
- deductions
Distribute payslips
Send net salaries to Print total
in payslip
bank
END END
Basic Flowcharting Symbols
SYMBOL NAME DESCRIPTION
Defines the starting and
TERMINAL ending point of a flowchart.
The preparation or
INITIALIZATION initialization of memory space
for data processing.
The inputting of data for
INPUT/OUTPUT processing, and printing out
of processed data.
Manipulation of
data(assignments and
PROCESS mathematical computations)
Basic Flowcharting Symbols
SYMBOL NAME DESCRIPTION
Defines logical sequence of
FLOW LINES the program. Its points to
the next symbol to be
performed
Connects to the flowchart to
ON-PAGE CONNECTOR avoid spaghetti connection
on the same page
Connects the flowchart on
OFF-PAGE CONNECTOR different page to avoid
spaghetti connection
Process conditions using
DECISION relational operators. Used
for trapping and filtering
data.
Branching And Control Of Flow
Flow Lines On-page Symbol
Terminator Symbol Off-page Symbol
Decision Symbol
Input and Output
Data I/O Symbol Multi-document Symbol
Document Symbol Display Symbol
Manual Input Symbol
Process/Operation Symbols
Process Symbol Pre-defined Process
Preparation Symbol Delay
Alternate Process Symbol Manual Operation
File And Information Symbols
Magnetic Disk
Stored Data Symbol (Database)
Direct Access Storage
Exercises:
Direction: In a 1 whole sheet of paper, write a flowchart for the following problems.
1. Write a program that calculates the sum of two input numbers and display the result.
2. Write a program to calculate the area of a circle and display the result. Use the formula: A=πr 2 where Pi is
approximately equal to 3.1416.
3. Write a program that computes the average of three input quizzes, and then display the result.
4. Write a program that converts the input Fahrenheit degree into its Celsius degree equivalent. Use the formula: C=
(5/9)*F-32.
5. Create a program to compute the volume of a sphere. Use the formula: V= (4/3)* πr 3 where is pi equal to 3.1416
approximately. The r3 is the radius. Display result.
6. Write a program that converts the input Celsius degree into its equivalent Fahrenheit degree. Use the formula: F=
(9/5) * C+32.
More questions?
ASK MS. LEONCIO
Messenger: fb/angie.leoncio.5
