Today’s Lecture
• Binary Operator overloading (+, -, *, /, %)
• Unary Operator overloading (++, --, -)
• Pre increment (++a,--a)
• Post increment (a++, a++)
• Unary negation operator (-a)
• Relational Operator(>, >=, <, <=, ==)
• Subscript Operator or Array index operator []
• Stream insertion << stream extraction >>
Operator Overloading (Binary Operator)
• Operator overloading is an important concept in C++. It is a type of
polymorphism in which an operator is overloaded to give user-defined meaning to
it
• An operator with two operands to perform a mathematical operation is called the
Binary Operator Overloading.
• There are multiple binary operators, like +, -, *, /,%, etc., can directly
manipulate or overload the object of a class.
Operator Overloading Syntax
Operator Overloading (Class Activity)
Write a C++ program to create a complex number class. Write getter setter, constructor, destructor, and all overloaded operators needed to run
the given driver code.
class complex {
private:
int real;
int imag;
public:
//All functions that are needed. };
int main() {
complex c1(10,7); // for complex numbers, such as 10+7i
complex c2(5); // for numbers without imaginary part as 5 + 2i
complex c3();
complex c4();
c3 = c1+c2;
c4 = c1-c2;
c5 = c3*c4;
c6 = c5/c4; }
Operator Overloading(main.cpp)
#include <iostream> //complex c3; cout << endl;
#include "Header.h" cout << " Division: " << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << " Addition: " << endl; complex c6 = c5 / c4;
using namespace std; complex c3 = c1 + c2; c6.display4();
c3.display();
int main()
cout << endl;
{ cout << " Subtraction: " << endl; cout << endl;
{ complexc4 = c1 - c2;
complex c1(10, 7); c4.display2();
}
c1.display();
cout << endl; system("pause");
cout << " Multiplication: " << endl;
complex c2(5); complex c5 = c3 * c4;
c2.display(); c5.display3(); }
Operator Overloading (Header.h)
#pragma once void display();
class complex { void display2();
private:
void display3();
int real;
void display4();
int img;
public: complex operator+(complex &other);
complex operator-(complex& other);
complex(); // Default Constructor complex operator*(complex& other);
complex(int r, int i);
complex operator/(complex& other);
complex(int r);
~complex();
int set_real(int r);
int set_img(int i);
};
int get_real();
int get_img();
Operator Overloading (Source1.cpp)
#include "Header.h" int complex::set_real(int r) void complex::display()
{ {
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; real = r; cout << " Calculation is " << real << " + " << img << "i " << endl;
return real; }
}
complex::complex()
{ void complex::display2()
int complex::set_img(int i)
int real=0; {
{
int img=0;
img = i; cout << " Calculation is " << real << " - " << img << "i " << endl;
}
return img; }
}
complex::complex(int r)
{ void complex::display3()
int complex::get_real()
real = r; {
{
img = 0;
return real; cout << " Calculation is " << real << " * " << img << "i " << endl;
} } }
int complex::get_img()
complex::complex(int r, int i){
void complex::display4()
{ return img;
{
real = r; }
img = i;
cout << " Calculation is " << real << " / " << img << "i " << endl;
} }
Operator Overloading (Source1.cpp)
complex complex::operator+(complex & complex complex::operator*(complex & other)
other)
{
{
complex save_info; complex::~complex()
complex save_info;
{
save_info.real = real * other.real;
save_info.real = real + other.real;
save_info.img = img * other.img; cout << " Destruction Called " << endl;
save_info.img = img + other.img;
}
return save_info;
return save_info;
}
}
complex complex::operator-(complex&
complex complex::operator/(complex& other)
other)
{
{
complex save_info;
complex save_info;
save_info.real = real / other.real;
save_info.real = real - other.real;
save_info.img = img / other.img;
save_info.img = img - other.img;
return save_info;
return save_info;
}
}
Class Activity
•Write a C++ program that initially takes the length of the two matrixes from
the user and puts the values in both matrixes, then performs addition using the
operator overloading concept
Operator Overloading (+) (Header.h)
#pragma once void set_data()
#include<iostream> {
using namespace std; twodarr = new int* [rows];
class matrix_addition { for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
private:
twodarr[i] = new int[cols];
int rows, cols;
}
public:
int** twodarr; for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++)
int** save_data; {
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
public: {
matrix_addition() {
cin >> twodarr[i][j];
} }
}
int set_rows() }
{
void show_data()
cout << " Enter the number of rows:
{
"; for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++)
cin >> rows; {
return rows; for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
} {
int set_cols() cout << twodarr[i][j];
{ cout << "\t";
cout << " Enter the number of column:
"; }
cin >> cols; cout << endl;
return cols; }
}
}
Operator Overloading (+) (Header.h)
void operator +(matrix_addition& other)
{
save_data = new int* [rows];
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
save_data[i] = new int[cols];
}
for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++)
{
for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++)
{
save_data[i][j] = twodarr[i][j] + other.twodarr[i][j] ;
cout<< save_data[i][j];
cout << "\t";
}
cout << endl;
}
}
};
Operator Overloading (+) (Source.cpp)
#include<iostream>
#include "Header.h"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
matrix_addition obj1, obj2;
obj1.set_rows();
obj1.set_cols();
obj2.set_rows();
obj2.set_cols();
obj1.set_data();
obj2.set_data();
obj1.show_data();
cout << endl;
obj2.show_data();
cout << endl;
obj1 + obj2;
cout << "\n";
system("pause");
}
Operator Overloading (Unary Operator)
• Unary operators are used to calculating the result on only one operand.
• Unary operators are used on a single operand to calculate the new value of that
variable
• Unary Operator overloading (++, --, -)
• Pre increment (++a,--a)
• Post increment (a++, a++)
• Unary negation operator (-a)
Operator Overloading(source.cpp)
#include <iostream> complex c5 = --c4; // pre - increment operator
c5.display3();
#include "Header.h"
complex c6 = c5++; // post - increment operator
using namespace std;
c6.display4();
int main() complex c7 = c6--; // post - increment operator
{ c7.display5();
{
complex c8 = -c7;
complex c1(10, 7);
c8.display6();
c1.display();
}
system("pause");
complexc4= ++c1; // pre - increment operator
c4.display2(); }
Operator Overloading (Header.h)
#pragma once
class complex {
complex operator++();
private:
int real; complex operator--();
int img; complex operator++(int);
complex operator--(int);
public:
complex operator-();
complex(); // Default Constructor
complex(int r, int i);
~complex();
void display();
void display2();
void display3(); };
void display4();
void display5();
void display6();
Operator Overloading (Source1.cpp)
complex complex::operator++()
#include "Header.h" complex complex::operator--(int)
{ complex temp;
#include <iostream> {
temp.real = ++real;
complex temp;
using namespace std; temp.img = ++img;
real=real--;
return temp; }
temp.real = real;
complex complex::operator--()
complex::complex() { img = img--;
complex temp; temp.img = img;
{
temp.real = --real; return temp;
real=0; temp.img = --img; }
img=0; return temp;
} complex complex::operator-()
} complex complex::operator++(int) {
{
complex temp;
complex temp;
complex::complex(int r, int i) real = -real;
real = real++;
temp.real = real;
{ temp.real = real;
img = -img;
real = r; img = img++;
temp.img = img;
temp.img = img;
img = i; return temp; return temp;
} } }
Operator Overloading (Source1.cpp)
void complex::display()
{ void complex::display5()
cout << " Calculation is " << real << " + " << img << "i " << endl; {
}
cout << " Post Decrement of real and Img is: " << real << " + " <<
img << "i " << endl;
void complex::display2() }
cout << " Pre Increment of real and Img is: " << real << " + " << img << "i " << endl; void complex::display6()
} {
cout << " Negation Operator of real and Img is: " << real << " + "
<< img << "i " << endl;
void complex::display3()
}
{
cout << " Pre Decrement of real and Img is: " << real << " + " << img << "i " << endl;
}
complex::~complex()
void complex::display4() cout << " Destruction Called " << endl;
{ }
cout << " Post Increment of real and Img is: " << real << " + " << img << "i " << endl;
}
Output of the following program
Operator Overloading (Relational Operator)
• There are various relational operators supported by C++ language like ( <, >, <=,
>=, ==, etc.) which can be used to compare C++ built-in data types.
• You can overload any of these operators, which can be used to compare the
objects of a class.
Operator Overloading(source.cpp)
#include <iostream> cout << " Relational Operator c1>c2 " << endl;
#include "Header.h" if (c1 > c2)
{
using namespace std; cout << " c1 values are greater: " << endl;
}
else
int main()
cout << " c2 values are greater: " << endl;
{
cout << endl;
{
complex c1(10, 20);
complex c2(20, 30);
cout << " Relational Operator c1>=c2 " << endl;
complex c3(5, 50);
if (c1 >= c2)
complex c4(10, 20); {
c1.display(); cout << " c1 values are greater and equal to c2: " << endl;
c2.display2(); }
c3.display3(); else
c4.display4(); cout << " c1 values are not less than and equal to c2: " << endl;
cout << endl; cout << endl;
Operator Overloading(source.cpp)
cout << " Relational Operator c1<c2 " << endl;
if (c1 < c2)
cout << " Relational Operator c1==c4 " << endl;
{
if (c1 == c4)
cout << " c1 values are smaller: " << endl;
{
}
cout << " c1 values are == to c2: " << endl;
else
}
cout << " c2 values are greater: " << endl;
else
cout << endl;
cout << " c1 values != to c2: " << endl;
cout << endl;
cout << " Relational Operator c1<=c2 " << endl;
if (c1 <= c2)
{ }
cout << " c1 values are less and equal to c2: " << endl; cout << endl;
} system("pause");
else
cout << " c1 values are not less than and equal to c2: " << endl;
}
cout << endl;
Operator Overloading (Header.h)
#pragma once void display();
class complex {
void display2();
private:
void display3();
int real;
int img; void display4();
public:
~complex();
complex(); // Default Constructor
complex(int r, int i);
};
bool operator >(const complex &other);
bool operator >=(const complex& other);
bool operator <(const complex& other);
bool operator <=(const complex& other);
bool operator ==(const complex& other);
Operator Overloading (Source1.cpp)
bool complex::operator >=(const complex& other)
#include "Header.h"
{
#include <iostream>
using namespace std; if (real > other.real)
return true; bool complex::operator == (const complex& other)
complex::complex() else {
{ return false;
if (real == other.real && img==other.img)
real=0; }
img=0; return true;
} bool complex::operator <(const complex& other)
else
{
complex::complex(int r, int i) return false;
if (real < other.real)
{ return true; }
real = r; else
img = i; return false;
}
}
bool complex::operator >(const complex&
other) bool complex::operator <= (const complex & other)
{ {
if (real > other.real) if (real < other.real)
return true; return true;
else else
return false; return false;
} }
Operator Overloading (Source1.cpp)
void complex::display()
{
cout << " Values of real and img of c1: " << real << " and Imag is: " << img << "i " << endl;
}
void complex::display2()
{
cout << " Values of real and img of c2: " << real << " and Imag is: " << img << "i " << endl;
}
void complex::display3()
{
cout << " Values of real and img of c3: " << real << " and Imag is: " << img << "i " << endl;
}
void complex::display4()
{
cout << " Values of real and img of c4: " << real << " and Imag is: " << img << "i " << endl;
}
complex::~complex()
{
cout << " Destruction Called " << endl;
}
Output program
Subscript Operator or Array index operator
• Subscript operator [ ], like the function-call operator, is considered a binary
operator. The declaration is identical to any binary operator, with the following
exception:
• It can not be declared as a non-member function. It must be a non-static member
function.
• It should take a single argument. The argument can be of any type and designates
the desired array subscript.
Operator Overloading(source.cpp)
#include <iostream>
#include "Header.h"
using namespace std;
int main()
{
{
complex c1;
c1.set_marks();
c1[3];
c1.display();
}
cout << endl;
system("pause");
}
Operator Overloading (Header.h)
#pragma once
class complex {
private:
int real;
int img;
int* marks;
int size;
int temp;
public:
complex();
complex(int R, int I);
void set_marks();
int operator[](int index);
void display();
};
Operator Overloading (Source1.cpp)
#include "Header.h" void complex::set_marks()
#include <iostream> {
using namespace std; cout << "Enter the index array: ";
cin >> size;
complex::complex()
marks = new int[size];
{
real = 0;
for (int i = 0; i < size; i++)
img = 0;
{
}
cout << " Enter the [" << i << "] index value: ";
complex::complex(int R, int I) cin >> marks[i];
{ }
real = R; }
img = I;
}
Operator Overloading (Source1.cpp)
int complex::operator[](int index)
{
if (index >= size)
cout << " Index out of bound: ";
temp = marks[index];
return temp;
}
void complex::display()
{
cout << " The value at index is " << temp << endl;
}
Stream insertion << stream extraction >>
• In C++, stream insertion operator “<<” is used for output and extraction operator
“>>” is used for input.
Stream insertion << stream extraction >>
#include<iostream> istream &operator>>(istream &input, complex& other)
using namespace std; {
class complex {
input >> other.real;
private:
input >> other.img;
int real;
return input;
int img;
public: }
complex()
{
real = 0; ostream& operator<<(ostream& output, complex& other)
img = 0;
{
}
output << other.real;
complex(int R, int I)
output << "+";
{
real = R; output << other.img;
img = I; output << "i";
} return output;
friend istream &operator >>(istream &input, complex& other);
}
friend ostream& operator <<(ostream& output, complex& other);
};
Stream insertion << stream extraction >>
int main()
{
{
cout << "Enter the real and img value: ";
complex c1;
cin >> c1;
cout << " Values of real and img are: ";
cout << c1;
}
cout << endl;
system("pause");
}
Operators that cannot be overloaded
The list of operators which cannot be overloaded is as follows:
• Conditional or Ternary Operator (?:) cannot be overloaded.
• Size of Operator (sizeof) cannot be overloaded.
• Scope Resolution Operator (::) cannot be overloaded.
• Class member selector Operator (.) cannot be overloaded.
• Member pointer selector Operator (.*) cannot be overloaded.
• Object type Operator (typeid) cannot be overloaded.
