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This document discusses random variables and probability distributions. It defines a random variable as a numerical value assigned to outcomes of a random experiment. Random variables can be discrete or continuous. Discrete random variables have countable possible values, while continuous variables can assume infinite values within intervals. The document provides examples of finding possible values of random variables for experiments like coin tosses, ball drawings, and dice rolls. It also discusses constructing probability distributions that show the probabilities corresponding to each possible value of a random variable.

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Roldan Cawalo
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44 views32 pages

SP 1

This document discusses random variables and probability distributions. It defines a random variable as a numerical value assigned to outcomes of a random experiment. Random variables can be discrete or continuous. Discrete random variables have countable possible values, while continuous variables can assume infinite values within intervals. The document provides examples of finding possible values of random variables for experiments like coin tosses, ball drawings, and dice rolls. It also discusses constructing probability distributions that show the probabilities corresponding to each possible value of a random variable.

Uploaded by

Roldan Cawalo
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
Random Variables and Probability
Distributions
Learning Objectives
After going through the learning activities, you are expected to:
Illustrate a random variable (discrete or continuous). M11/12SP-IIIa-1
Distinguish between a discrete and continuous random variable.
M11/12SP-IIIa-2
Find possible values of a random variable. M11/12SP-IIIa-3
Illustrate a probability distribution for a discrete random variable and its
properties. M11/12SP-IIIa-4
Compute probabilities corresponding to a given random variable.
M11/12SP-IIIa-6
Recall
1. What is an experiment or trial?
An experiment or trial is any procedure or activity that can
be done repeatedly under similar conditions.
2. What is a sample space?
The set of all possible outcomes in an experiment is
called the sample space.
Activity 1: By Pair
A. Answer the following questions.
1.In how many ways can two coins fall?
2.If three coins are tossed, in how many ways can they fall?
B. Ann, Hazel, and Jona want to know what numbers
can be assigned for the frequency of heads that will
occur in tossing three coins. Can you help them?
Random Variable
• A random variable is a result of chance event, that you
can measure or count.
• A random variable is a numerical quantity that is
assigned to the outcome of an experiment. It is a
variable that assumes numerical values associated with
the events of an experiment.
• A random variable is a quantitative variable which
values depends on change.
NOTE:
We use capital letters to represent a random variable.
Example 1
1. In how many ways can two coins fall?
S
o
l
u
ti
o
n
Example 2
If three coins are tossed, in how many ways can they fall?
Steps Solution
1. List the sample space S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH,
TTH, THT, HTT, TTT}
2. Count the number of Heads in Outcome Number of
Heads
each outcome and assign this (Value of H)
number to this outcome. HHH 3
HHT, HTH, THH 2
TTH, THT, HTT 1
TTT 0

3. Conclusion
The values of the random
variable H (number of Heads) in
this experiment are 0, 1, 2 and 3.
Example 3
Four coins are tossed. Let T be the random
variable representing the number of tails that
occur. Find the values of the random variable T.
Solution:
Example 4
Two balls are drawn in succession without replacement from
an urn containing 5 orange balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be
the random variable representing the number of violet balls.
Find the values of the random variable V.
Solution:
0
1
1
2
Example 5
A basket contains 10 red balls and 4 white balls. If three balls are
taken from the basket one after the other, determine the possible
values of the random variable R representing the number of red balls.
Solution:
Discrete and Continuous Random Va
riable
• Discrete random variable has a countable
number of possible values.
• Continuous random variable can assume an
infinite number of values in one or more
intervals.
Constructing Probability Distributions
for Random Variables
On Example 1; Suppose two coins are tossed and we are
interested to determine the number of tails that will come out.
Let us use T to represent the number of tails that will come out.
Determine the values of the random variable T.
Solution:
Example 2
Two balls are drawn in succession without
replacement from an urn containing 5 orange
balls and 6 violet balls. Let V be the random
variable representing the number of violet balls.
Find the values of the random variable V.
Solution:
Example 3:
A pair of dice is rolled. Let X be the random variable
representing the sum of the number of dots on the
top faces. Find the values of the random variable X.
Solution:

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