Data Communication &
Computer Networks
Course Instructor:
Mr. Fakhar Ul Islam
Course Intro
Welcome to CS/CSC-2202!
Course web page, including syllabus, lectures
notes, assignments, labs, schedule
Grading Policy
Marks Head Total Frequency Total Exempted Marks/Frequency Total Marks/
Head
Quiz 4 0 3.5 14
Assignment 4 0 4 16
Mid Paper 1 0 30 30
Final Paper 1 0 40 40
Total Marks 100
COURSE LEARNING
OUTCOMES (CLOs):
Today’s Lecture
What is the Internet?
Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
PC millions of connected mobile network
server computing devices:
hosts = end systems global ISP
wireless
laptop running network apps
smartphone
home
communication links network
regional ISP
wireless
fiber, copper, radio,
links satellite
wired
links transmission rate:
bandwidth
Packetswitches: forward
router packets (chunks of data) institutional
network
routers and switches
What’s the Internet: “ nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
Internet: “ network of networks”
Interconnected ISPs
global ISP
protocols control sending,
receiving of msgs
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11 home
network
Internet standards regional ISP
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering Task
Force
institutional
network
What’s the Internet: a service view
mobile network
Infrastructure that
provides services to global ISP
applications:
Web, VoIP, email, games, e- home
commerce, social nets, … network
regional ISP
provides programming
interface to apps
hooks that allow sending
and receiving app programs
to “ connect” to Internet
provides service options
institutional
network
What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
“ what’s the time?” machines rather than
“ I have a question” humans
introductions all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken
when msgs received, or protocols define format, order
other events of msgs sent and received
among network entities,
and actions taken on msg
transmission, receipt
What’s a protocol?
a human protocol and a computer network protocol:
Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? Get http://www.google.com
2:00
response
time
Roadmap
What is the Internet?
Network edge
end systems, access networks, links
A closer look at network structure:
network edge: mobile network
hosts: clients and servers
servers often in data centers global ISP
home
access networks, physical network
regional ISP
media: wired, wireless
communication links
network core:
interconnected routers
network of networks institutional
network
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
residential access nets
institutional access
networks (school, company)
mobile access networks
keep in mind:
bandwidth (bits per second)
of access network?
shared or dedicated?
Access net: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network
DSL splitter
modem DSLAM
ISP
voice, data transmitted
at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer
use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM
data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
< 2.5 Mbps upstream transmission rate (typically < 1 Mbps)
< 24 Mbps downstream transmission rate (typically < 10 Mbps)
Access net: cable network
cable headend
cable splitter
modem
C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Channels
frequency division multiplexing: different channels transmitted
in different frequency bands
Access net: cable network
cable headend
cable splitter cable modem
modem CMTS termination system
data, TV transmitted at different
frequencies over shared cable ISP
distribution network
HFC: hybrid fiber coax
up to 30Mbps downstream transmission rate, 2 Mbps
upstream transmission rate
network of cable, fiber attaches homes to ISP router
homes share access network to cable headend
Access net: home network
wireless
devices
to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box
cable or DSL modem
wireless access router, firewall, NAT
point (54 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (100 Mbps)
Enterprise access networks (Ethernet)
institutional link to
ISP (Internet)
institutional router
Ethernet institutional mail,
switch web servers
typically used in companies, universities, etc
10 Mbps, 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps transmission rates
today, end systems typically connect into Ethernet switch
Wireless access networks
shared wireless access network connects end system to router
via base station aka “ access point”
wireless LANs: wide-area wireless access
within building (100 ft) provided by telco (cellular)
802.11b/g (WiFi): 11, 54 operator, 10’s km
Mbps transmission rate between 1 and 10 Mbps
3G, 4G: LTE
to Internet
to Internet
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
takes application message
breaks into smaller chunks, two packets,
known as packets, of length L L bits each
bits
transmits packet into access
network at transmission rate R 2 1
link transmission rate, R: link transmission rate
aka link capacity, aka host
link bandwidth
packet time needed to L (bits)
transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Physical media
bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
physical link: what lies twisted pair (TP)
between transmitter & receiver two insulated copper wires
guided media: Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1
Gpbs Ethernet
signals propagate in solid Category 6: 10Gbps
media: copper, fiber, coax
unguided media:
signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Physical media: coax, fiber
coaxial cable: fiber optic cable:
two concentric copper glass fiber carrying light
conductors pulses, each pulse a bit
bidirectional high-speed operation:
broadband: high-speed point-to-point
transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s
multiple channels on cable Gpbs transmission rate)
HFC low error rate:
repeaters spaced far apart
immune to electromagnetic noise
Physical media: radio
signal carried in radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum terrestrial microwave
e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
no physical “ wire”
LAN (e.g., WiFi)
bidirectional 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
propagation environment wide-area (e.g., cellular)
effects: 3G cellular: ~ few Mbps
reflection satellite
Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple
obstruction by objects smaller channels)
interference 270 msec end-end delay
Lets take an example of a letter
They do. Through what? LETTERS. Right?
So What was the procedure of sending letters?
Few steps
Lets write them down
1. Paper/pencil was required
2. Some language/codes were used
3. Post Offices helps in sending those letters
4. Stamps were used to ensure the package weight
5. But not without City Address
6. Home and Street addresses were required so
the letter can be posted to the right person.
7. Finally your letter is mailed via some route
physically that is decided by the post office
OSI Model
Application is same as the paper/pencil
requirement. If you need to send some mail you
choose the SMTP, if some file is required to send
FTP application is used and if simple bidirectional
text oriented communication is occurring Telnet
application will be used.
Presentation we all know the computer
understands the binary language and transforms
data into signal before sending. So the
encryption/decryption(coding/decoding) task is
done here
OSI Model (continued)
What if post offices aren’t available. We couldn’t
be able to initialize our letter/communication. So
sessions are to alert servers that some application
of required server is needed to be used and start
session.
Stamps idea that contains that fee is dropped
because networking system allowed us to do that
task freely and replaced with Transport that
decides whether the connection will be
connectionless(UDP) or connection oriented
(TCP/IP)
OSI Model (continued)
Network layer manages and checks for the IP
address
While Data Link Layer decides the physical
address of device known as MAC Address just as
the home address
When everything gets ensured all the required data
is available and finally the mail is posted or the
said data is sent physically via cable/signals
Protocol “ layers”
Networks are complex,
with many “pieces”:
hosts
routers
links of various
media
applications
protocols
hardware,
software
Organization of air travel
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
baggage (check) baggage (claim)
gates (load) gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway landing
airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing
a series of steps
Layering of airline functionality
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain) ticket
baggage (check) baggage (claim baggage
gates (load) gates (unload) gate
runway (takeoff) runway (land) takeoff/landing
airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing airplane routing
departure intermediate air-traffic arrival
airport control centers airport
layers: each layer implements a service
via its own internal-layer actions
relying on services provided by layer below
Why layering?
dealing with complex systems:
allows identification, relationship of complex
system’s pieces
layered reference model for discussion
Layers eases maintenance, updating of system
change of implementation of layer’s service transparent
to rest of system
e.g., change in port procedure doesn’t affect rest of
system
layering considered harmful?
Internet protocol stack
application: supporting network
applications
FTP, SMTP, HTTP application
transport: process-process data
transfer transport
TCP, UDP
network: routing of datagrams from network
source to destination
IP, routing protocols
link
link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements
Ethernet, 802.111 (WiFi), PPP (Point-to-Point physical
Protocol)
physical: bits “ on the wire”
ISO/OSI reference model
presentation: allow applications
to interpret meaning of data, application
e.g., encryption, compression,
session: synchronization, presentation
checkpointing, recovery of data session
exchange transport
Internet stack “ missing” these
layers! network
these services, if needed, must be link
implemented in application
physical
needed?
message M
source
application
Encapsulation
segment Ht M transport
datagram Hn Ht M network
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical
switch
destination Hn Ht M network
M application
Hl Hn Ht M link Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical
Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
