Projections of plane

Prepared by:
Mr. Hiren Prajapati
Asst. Professor,
Institute of technology,
Nirma university,
Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU
[email protected]
 Plane
• All objects have 3 dimensions but suppose one
dimension (Thickness) is negligible with
respect to other two dimensions (length &
width) than that’s called as plane.

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

 Cases of plane
• Case I- Plane parallel to one R.P and perpendicular
to another R.P
o Parallel to H.P & Perpendicular to V.P
o Parallel to V.P & perpendicular to H.P
• Case II- Plane inclined to one R.P and perpendicular
to another R.P
o Inclined to H.P & Perpendicular to V.P
o Inclined to V.P & perpendicular to H.P
• Case III- Plane inclined to both the R.Ps
Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU
Case-I Plane is parallel to one R.P & Perpendicular to another R.P
SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

For T.V.
For
F.V
.

ORTHOGRAPHIC
TV-True Shape
FV- Line // to xy
VP

a’ d’
b’ c’

a d

b c
Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU
A HP
Q: Draw the projections of a circle of 5 cm diameter having its plane vertical
and perpendicular to the H.P. Its centre is 3cm above the H.P. and 2cm in front
of the V.P.

50 Ø
30

X Y
20

1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
12 11 10 9 8

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

Q: A regular pentagon of 25mm side is rest on HP and
perpendicular to the VP. Draw its projections.

a’ b’
e’ d’
X Y

b
a
25

e
d

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

Case-II Plane inclined to one R.P and Perpendicular to another R.P
SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP SURFACE INCLINED TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

For Tv
For T.V.

For
For F v
F .V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC ORTHOGRAPHIC
TV-True Shape FV- Inclined to XY
FV- Line // to xy TV- Reduced Shape
VP VP d’
c’

a’ d’
b’ c’ a’ ’
b

a d a1 d1

b c b c
Prof. H
1
M Prajapati,
1
IT, NU
HP A HP B
Q12.4: A regular pentagon of 25mm side has one side on HP. If plane is inclined at 45º to the
HP and perpendicular to the VP. Draw its projections and show its traces

Hint: As the plane is inclined to HP, it should be kept

parallel to HP with one edge perpendicular to VP

c’
d’ ’
b
a’ b’
e’ d’ c’

e’ ’
a
45º
X Y

b b1
a a1

c c1
25

e e1
d d1

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

Q.12.5:Draw the projections of a circle of 5 cm diameter having its plane vertical and inclined
at 30º to the V.P. Its centre is 3cm above the H.P. and 2cm in front of the V.P. Show also its
traces

50 Ø

4’ 41’
3’ 5’ 31’ 51’

2’ 6’ 61’
21’

11’ 71’
1’ 7’

121’ 81’
12’ 8’
30

91’
11’ 9’ 111’
X 10’ Y
101’
1
20

2,
12 3, 30º
11 4,
1 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
8 10 5,
12 11 10 9
9 6,
8 7

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

 Case-III Plane inclined to both R.P
SURFACE PARALLEL TO HP SURFACE INCLINED TO HP
PICTORIAL PRESENTATION PICTORIAL PRESENTATION

For T.V.
For Tv
For T.V.

For
For F v
F .V.

ORTHOGRAPHIC ORTHOGRAPHIC ORTHOGRAPHIC

TV-True Shape FV- Inclined to XY FV- Apparent Shape
FV- Line // to xy TV- Reduced Shape TV-Previous Shape
d’ VP
VP VP
c’ d1 ’ c1’

a’ d’ a1’ b1’
b’ c’ a’ ’
b
d1
a d a1 d1
c1
b c b c a1
Prof. H
1
M Prajapati,
1
IT, NU C
HP A HP B HP b1
 A

ASSUMPTIONS FOR INITIAL POSITION:

(Initial Position means assuming surface // to HP or VP)
1. If Corner, edge, side etc of plane rest on HP- assume it // HP
Or If Corner, edge, side etc of plane rest on VP- assume it // VP
OR
If in problem surface is inclined to HP – assume it // HP
Or If surface is inclined to VP – assume it // to VP
2. Now if surface is assumed // to HP- It’s TV will show True Shape.
And If surface is assumed // to VP – It’s FV will show True Shape.
3. Hence begin with drawing TV or FV as True Shape.
4. While drawing this True Shape –
keep one side/edge ( which is making inclination) perpendicular to xy line
( similar to pair no. on previous page illustration ).
B

Now Complete STEP 2. By making surface inclined to the resp plane & project it’s other view.
(Ref. 2nd pair on previous page illustration )
C

Now Complete STEP 3. By making side inclined to the resp plane & project it’s other view.
(Ref. 3nd pair on previous page illustration )
Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU
APPLY SAME STEPS TO SOLVE NEXT PROBLEMS
 Problems for practice
• A hexagonal plane, 30 mm side, rest on HP with corner. The plane is
inclined to HP at 45 and perpendicular to VP. Draw all the
projection.
• A rectangular plate, 30 mm X 40 mm sides, rest on HP with one of its
shorter sides. Plane is inclined to HP by 45 and perpendicular to VP.
Draw all the projection.
• A square plate, 30 mm side, rest on VP with side. The plane is
inclined to VP by 35 and perpendicular to HP. Draw all the
projection.
• A pentagonal lamina, 30 mm side, rest on VP with corner. The plane
is inclined to VP by 40 and perpendicular to HP. Draw all the
projection.
Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU
 Problems for practice
• A hexagonal plane, 30 mm side, rest on HP with corner.
The plane is inclined to HP at 45 and perpendicular to
VP. Draw all the projection.

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

Q :A regular hexagon of 30mm side has a corner in the HP. Its surface inclined at45° to
the HP and the top view of the diagonal through the corner which is in the HP makes an
angle of 60° with the VP. Draw its projections.

Top view of the diagonal

Plane inclined to HP making 60° with the VP.
Plane parallel to HP at 45°and ┴ to VP
d’
d1’

c’ ’ c1’
e e1’

b’ b1’
f’ f 1’
b’ c’
Y

a’
a’ f’ e’ d’ 45° a 1’
X 60°
f1
f1 e1 a1
f e

e1
b1

a d d1
a1

d1
c1

b c
b1 c1

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

 Problems for practice
• A rectangular plate, 30 mm X 40 mm sides, rest on HP
with one of its shorter sides. Plane is inclined to HP by
45 and perpendicular to VP. Draw all the projection.

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

Problem : Read problem and answer following questions
Rectangle 30mm and 40mm 1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
sides is resting on HP on one 2. Assumption for initial position? ------// to HP
small side which is 300 inclined 3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
to VP, while the surface of the 4. Which side will be vertical? ---One small side.
plane makes 450 inclination with Hence begin with TV, draw rectangle below X-Y
HP. Draw it’s projections. drawing one small side vertical.

Surface // to Hp Surface inclined to Hp

d’c’ c’1 d’1

a’ b’ b’ 450
X c’d’ a’ b’1 a’1 Y
30 0

a a1 d1

a1
d Side
Inclined
to Vp

b1
b c b1 c1

d1
Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

c1
 Problems for practice
• A square plate ABCD, 30 mm side, rest on VP with
corner A. The plane is inclined to VP by 35 and
diagonal BD inclined at 30 to HP. Draw projections.

• A pentagonal lamina, 30 mm side, rest on VP with

corner. The plane is inclined to VP by 40 and
perpendicular to HP. Draw all the projection.

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

Problem : Read problem and answer following questions
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is 1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
resting on HP on one of it’s sides with it’s 2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
surface 450 inclined to HP. Draw it’s 3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
projections when the side in HP makes 30 0 4. Which side will be vertical? -------- any side.
angle with VP Hence begin with TV,draw pentagon below
SURFACE AND SIDE INCLINATIONS X-Y line, taking one side vertical.
ARE DIRECTLY GIVEN.
d’ d’1
c’e’
e’1 c’1
b’ a’
X b’ a’ c’e’ d’ 450 b’1 Y
a’1
a1
e e1 300

e1
a a1 b1

d1
d
d1 c1
b b1

c c1

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

 Problem : Read problem and answer following questions
A regular pentagon of 30 mm sides is resting 1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP
on HP on one of it’s sides while it’s opposite 2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
vertex (corner) is 30 mm above HP. 3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV
Draw projections when side in HP is 30 0 4. Which side will be vertical? --------any side.
inclined to VP. Hence begin with TV,draw pentagon below
SURFACE INCLINATION INDIRECTLY GIVEN
X-Y line, taking one side vertical.
SIDE INCLINATION DIRECTLY GIVEN:

ONLY CHANGE is
the manner in which surface inclination is described:
One side on Hp & it’s opposite corner 30 mm above Hp. d’ d’1
Hence redraw 1st Fv as a 2nd Fv making above arrangement.
Keep a’b’ on xy & d’ 30 mm above xy. c’e’ c’1
30 e’1

X b’ a’ c’e’ d’ a’
b’ a’1 b’1 Y
300
e1 a1
e
e1
a a1 b1

d d1
d1 c1
b b1

Prof. Hc M Prajapati, IT, NU c1

Q : Draw the projections of a regular hexagon of 25mm sides, having one of its side
in the H.P. and inclined at 60 to the V.P. and its surface making an angle of 45º with
the H.P.

Plane inclined to HP
at 45°and ┴ to VP Side on the H.P. making 60°
with the VP.

Plane parallel to HP
e’ e1’
d’ d1’
f’ f1’
c’ c1’
a’ b’ c’ f’ d’e’ b’ 45º
a1 ’
X a’ Y
f f1 60º b1’
a e

f1
a1 e1

e1
a1

d1
b d b1 d1

c c1

b1

c1
Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU
Q : A thin rectangular plate of sides 60 mm X 30 mm has its shorter side in the V.P. and
inclined at 30º to the H.P. Project its top view if its front view is a square of 30 mm long sides

A rectangle can be seen as a F.V. (square) is drawn first Incline a1’b1’ at 30º to the
square in the F.V. only when its
H.P.
surface is inclined to VP. So
for the first view keep the plane
// to VP & shorter edge ┴ to HP c 1’
60

b’ c’ b1 ’ c1 ’ d1’

b1’
30

a1’
a’ d’ a1 ’ d1’ b1 a1 30º
X Y
c
a a
d
b b
60

c c1 d1
Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU
d
Q : A circular plate of negligible thickness and 50 mm diameter appears as an ellipse in the
front view when it rest on VP with rim, having its major axis 50 mm long and minor axis 30
mm long. Draw its top view when the major axis of the ellipse is horizontal.

A circle can be seen as a

ellipse in the F.V. only when its Incline the T.V. till the Incline the F.V. till the
surface is inclined to VP. So distance between the end major axis becomes
for the first view keep the plane projectors is 30 mm horizontal
// to VP.

50 Ø
4’ 41’
3’ 5’ 31’ 51 ’
2’ 6’ 21’ 61 ’ 121’ 11’ 21’
111’ 31’
11 ’ 71’
1’ 7’ 101’ 41 ’

12’ 8’ 121’ 81’ 91 ’ 51’

111’ 91’ 81 ’ 61’
71 ’
11’ 9’ 101’
X 10’ Y
1 6, 7 11 ’
1

2, 3, 4, 5,
121’ 2 1’
12 11 10 9 8 30
2,

31’
12

111’
3,
11

101’ 41 ’
4,
10

91’ 51’
5,
9

Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU

6,
8

81’ 61 ’
7
Q : Draw projections of a rhombus having diagonals 125 mm and 50 mm long, the smaller
diagonal of which is parallel to both the principal planes, while the other is inclined at 30º to
the H.P.

Keep AC parallel to the H.P. Incline AC at 30º to the H.P. Make BD parallel to XY
& BD perpendicular to V.P.
(considering inclination of
AC as inclination of the
plane) c’ c1’
b’
d’
d1’ b1 ’
b’
d’ c’ a’
a’ 30º
X Y
a1’
125

b b1

b1
c1
a c a1
50

c1
a1
d
d1

d1
Prof. H M Prajapati, IT, NU
 c’ c’1
d’ b’1
Problem : A circle of 50 mm diameter is a’ b’ d’ c’ b’
resting on Hp on end A of it’s diameter AC a’ 300 a’1 d’1 Y
X
which is 300 inclined to Hp while it’s Tv 450
a
d d1 d
is 450 inclined to Vp.Draw it’s projections. 1 1

a ca c1
1

b c
Read problem and answer following questions 1 1

1. Surface inclined to which plane? ------- HP b b1

2. Assumption for initial position? ------ // to HP
3. So which view will show True shape? --- TV The difference in these two problems is in step 3 only.
4. Which diameter horizontal? ---------- AC In problem no.8 inclination of Tv of that AC is
Hence begin with TV,draw rhombus below given,It could be drawn directly as shown in 3rd step.
X-Y line, taking longer diagonal // to X-Y While in no.9 angle of AC itself i.e. it’s TL, is
given. Hence here angle of TL is taken,locus of c 1
Is drawn and then LTV I.e. a1 c1 is marked and
Problem 9: A circle of 50 mm diameter is final TV was completed.Study illustration carefully.
resting on Hp on end A of it’s diameter AC
which is 300 inclined to Hp while it makes c’ c’1
d’ b’1
450 inclined to Vp. Draw it’s projections. a’ b’ d’ c’ b’
a’ a’1 d’1
d d1 d
a 300
1
1
Note the difference in TL
a ca c1
construction of 3rd step 1
c
in both solutions. b 1
1
Prof. H M Prajapati,
b IT, NU b1