Computer Programming
Digital
Discrete resolution of information.
Relating to or using signals or information represented by discrete values
(digits) of a physical quantity.
Involving or relating to the use of computer technology: "the digital
revolution".
2
Digital Technology
http://static.freepik.com/free-photo/digital-technology-product-icon-vector-material_34-26168.jpg
http://artofdigital.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/digital-technology.jpg
Advantages of Digital
Can be processed and transmitted more efficiently and reliably than analog
data.
Has a great advantage when storage is necessary.
Noise (unwanted voltage fluctuations) does not affect digital data nearly as
much as it does analog signals.
4
Digital Computer
Finite Discrete states.
Decimal: 10 discrete states.
Binary: 2 discrete states.
Hexadecimal: ?
Bit – Binary digIT.
Digital Computer
work with Bits, since
they represent yes-
no, true-false (two
states).
WHY?
Works with
5
Signals
represented by
Voltage.
Activity Time
What is programming?
6
Programming Paradigm
Sequential Programming (Von Neumann architecture)
Procedural languages (Modular Programming)
Object-oriented Programming
Imperative Programming
Functional Programming
Logic Programming
Courtesy: Wikipedia
7
Translating Languages
English: Display the sum of A times B plus C.
C++: cout << (A * B + C);
Assembly Language: Intel Machine Language:
mov eax,A A1 00000000
mul B F7 25 00000004
add eax,C
03 05 00000008
call
WriteInt E8 00500000
8
Assemble-Link Execute Cycle
Link
Library
Step 2: Step 3: Step 4:
Source assembler Object linker Executable OS loader
Output
File File File
Listing Map
Step 1: text editor File
File
9
Activity Time
What is Interpreter?
10
Activity Time
What is Compiler?
11
http://www.pasteur.fr/formation/infobio/python/images/compiler_inte1r2preter.png
Activity Time
What is Assembler?
13
http://www.pasteur.fr/formation/infobio/python/images/bytecode.png
14
Activity Time
What is Storage?
15
http://www.centerpointaudio.com/Images/Sd-Data%20Measurements.pn16g
Exercise
Write Pseudocode or make flowchart
Ask user if they want to perform mul or div
for input int a and b
Perform dry run for div and mul, when:
a = 10 and b = 3
Calculate a/b and a*b without using divide
(/) and multiply (*) operators
(only use +, -, mod) 17
Introduction to C
C evolved from two previous languages, BCPL and B.
The C language was evolved from B by Dennis Ritchie at
Bell Laboratories and was originally implemented in 1972.
Many of today’s leading operating systems are written in
C
and/or C++.
Why C
Creates a complete easy-to-understand picture of processes in
the source code
C is mostly hardware independent
t’s possible to write C programs that are portable to most
computers.
C is widely used to develop systems that demand performance,
such as operating systems, embedded systems, real-time
systems and communications systems
Many of the backend technicalities of computers are easy to
grasp while writing a code in C.
Installation of C tools
C Compiler
There are many
High-Level Programming Languages
Single statements could be written to accomplish
substantial tasks.
Translator programs called compilers convert high-level
language programs into machine language.
High-level languages allow you to write instructions that
look almost like everyday English and contain commonly
used mathematical notations.
For example, here’s a section of a high-level language’s
program
grossPay = basePay + overTimePay
High-Level Programming Languages
Some of the well-known high level programming languages
are:
C
C++
Java
Python
Etc..
Translator Programs
Different type of programming languages construct their
translator softwares.
These softwares help a high-level language’s code to be
translated into machine code for the machine to execute.
Usually, a translator software is known as a compiler,
however, there are two different types of translator
programs
Compiler
Interpreter
Compiler
A tool that converts the source code written in high-level
programming language into executable machine code
Compiler transforms code written in a high-level programming
language into the machine code, at once, into an executable
machine code before program runs
Interpreter
The interpreter converts the source code line-by-line during RUN
Time.
Interpreter allows evaluation and modification of the program while it
is executing.
Interpreters work slowly when compared to Compilers
Syntax
The grammar of a programming language is referred to as
Syntax.
A collection of the rules which shows how to write
instructions in a particular programming language is known
as Syntax.
If the syntax is not correct in a source code, the code will
throw an error.
Keywords:
The words/phrases whose meanings are pre-defined by
the programming languages.
Syntax
Consider the following English sentences
This is a book (grammatically correct as it follows
language’s rules)
Booka is this (grammatically incorrect as it does not
follow language’s rules)
Similarly, if a particular instruction in a
programming language follows the syntax (grammar)
of the language then it is said to be correct.
