SPEECH SOUND

DISORDER by: apoorv chowdhury​

TOPICS
COVERED
• Definition of speech sound disorder
• Causes and risk factor
• Prevalence in children and adults
• Importance of early diagnostic and
treatment
WHAT IS SPEECH SOUND DISORDER

• Speech sound disorders refer to difficulties in producing or

using speech sounds that are typical of a person's age and
language group. These disorders can affect a person's ability
to communicate effectively, leading to difficulties in social
interactions and academic performance.
• There are different types of speech sound disorders, including
articulation disorders, phonological disorders, and motor
speech disorders. Articulation disorders involve difficulties in
producing individual speech sounds, while phonological
disorders involve difficulties in organizing and using speech
sounds in a systematic way. Motor speech disorders involve
difficulties in planning, coordinating, and executing speech
movements.

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 CONT..

Speech sound disorders can have different causes, including developmental,

neurological, genetic, and environmental factors. Children are more likely to
experience speech sound disorders, and early intervention is critical for effective
treatment.

Speech therapy is the most common treatment for speech sound disorders. The goal
of therapy is to help individuals improve their ability to produce and use speech
sounds correctly, thereby improving their communication skills and quality of life

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 CAUSES AND RISK FACTOR

Developmenta
Genetic factors Hearing loss
l delay

Neurogenic Environmental
conditions factors

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 GENETIC FACTORS
Genetic factors can play a role in the development of speech sound disorder (SSD).
There are several genetic conditions that are associated with SSD, such as:
Apraxia of speech: This is a motor speech disorder that affects the ability to plan
and coordinate the movements necessary for speech. It can be caused by genetic
mutations that affect the production of certain proteins in the brain.

Phonological disorder: This is a type of SSD that involves difficulty with

organizing and using speech sounds correctly. It has been shown to have a genetic
component, with certain genes being associated with an increased risk of
developing the disorder.

Specific language impairment: This is a language disorder that affects the ability to
understand and use language correctly. Like phonological disorder, it has been
linked to certain genetic mutations. PRESENTATION TITLE 6
 DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY
One key factor that can affect the development of speech sounds is language development. Children with developmental
delays may experience delays in their ability to understand and use language, which Developmental delay can have a
significant impact on speech sound disorder (SSD) because the acquisition of speech sounds is a complex process that
depends on the development of several underlying skills. Children with developmental delays may experience delays or
difficulties in these underlying skills, which can make it challenging for them to produce speech sounds correctly.
can impact their ability to learn and produce speech sounds. For example, if a child has difficulty understanding the
meaning of words, they may have difficulty learning how to produce the correct speech sounds for those words.

Another factor that can contribute to SSD in children with developmental delays is motor development. Producing speech
sounds involves the coordinated movement of the mouth, tongue, and lips, which requires the development of fine motor
skills. Children with developmental delays may experience delays in their fine motor development, which can make it
challenging for them to produce speech sounds correctly.

In addition, cognitive development can also play a role in SSD. Children with developmental delays may experience
delays in their cognitive development, which can impact their ability to process and use information related to speech
sounds. For example, they may have difficulty understanding the relationship between letters and sounds or may have
difficulty with phonological awareness, which is the ability to identify and manipulate individual sounds within words.
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 HEARING LOSS
Hearing loss can have a significant impact on speech sound disorder (SSD) because hearing plays a crucial role in the development of speech and language. Children with
hearing loss may experience delays or difficulties in acquiring speech sounds, which can lead to SSD.

Hearing loss can impact speech sound development in several ways. First, children with hearing loss may have difficulty perceiving or distinguishing between certain
speech sounds. This can make it challenging for them to learn and produce the correct sounds. For example, if a child has difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds, they may
have difficulty producing sounds like /s/ or /sh/, which are higher-pitched sounds.

In addition, hearing loss can impact a child's ability to learn from the speech they hear around them. Children with hearing loss may have difficulty hearing or
understanding speech in noisy environments or when multiple people are speaking at once. This can make it challenging for them to learn from the speech they hear and
develop accurate production of speech sounds.

Hearing loss can also impact a child's ability to monitor their own speech. Children with hearing loss may have difficulty hearing their own speech or the speech of others,
which can make it challenging for them to self-correct errors in their speech production.

Early intervention is critical for children with hearing loss and SSD. Children with hearing loss should be fitted with appropriate hearing aids or other assistive devices as
early as possible to ensure that they have access to all the speech sounds in their environment. Additionally, children with hearing loss and SSD may benefit from working
with a speech-language pathologist (SLP) who can provide targeted interventions to improve their speech sound production and overall communication skills.

Regenerate response

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Environmental factors can have a significant impact on the development of speech sound disorder (SSD). Environmental factors refer
to any factors in a child's surroundings or experiences that can affect their speech development.

One important environmental factor that can impact SSD is exposure to language. Children who are exposed to a rich and varied
language environment from a young age are more likely to develop strong speech sound skills. In contrast, children who are not
exposed to a language-rich environment may experience delays or difficulties in their speech sound development.

Another environmental factor that can impact SSD is exposure to noise. Children who are exposed to high levels of background noise
on a regular basis, such as in noisy classrooms or homes, may have difficulty hearing and distinguishing speech sounds, which can
lead to SSD.

In addition, certain medical conditions or treatments can also impact SSD. For example, children who have had surgeries or treatments
that impact the mouth or throat, such as tonsillectomies or radiation therapy, may experience changes in their speech sound
production. Additionally, certain medical conditions, such as cleft palate, can impact the development of speech sounds.

Finally, social and emotional factors can also impact SSD. Children who experience stress or trauma, or who have a history of anxiety
or depression, may experience delays or difficulties in their speech sound development. Additionally, children who do not receive
appropriate support or attention from their caregivers may be at higher risk for SSD.
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ANATOMICAL FACTORS
EFFECTING (SSD)
Cleft lip

malocclusio Enlarged
n adenoids

Structural
Narrow or
abnormalitie
constrained
s in vocal
oral cavity
tract
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INCIDENCE AND PREVALENCE
There is limited data on the prevalence and incidence of speech sound disorder (SSD) in
India, as research on this topic is still emerging. However, several studies have provided
some insight into the prevalence of SSD in different regions of India.

A study conducted in South India reported a prevalence of SSD of 7.1% among children
aged 5-10 years (Pratibha et al., 2015). Another study conducted in North India reported a
prevalence of 10.9% among children aged 4-6 years (Bhardwaj et al., 2014). A more recent
study conducted in Central India reported a prevalence of 9.5% among children aged 3-5
years (Mishra et al., 2021).

It's important to note that these studies used different methods and criteria for diagnosing and
classifying SSD, which can impact the reported prevalence rates. Additionally, there may be
regional and cultural variations in the prevalence of SSD in India. 11
 CONT.…
There is limited data on the incidence of SSD in India, as most studies have focused on
prevalence. However, a longitudinal study conducted in North India reported an incidence
rate of 3.3% among children aged 3-6 years (Bhargava et al., 2019). This study followed a
cohort of children over a period of three years to track the development of SSD.

Overall, while there is limited data on the prevalence and incidence of SSD in India,
available studies suggest that it is a relatively common disorder among children in the
country. More research is needed to better understand the factors contributing to SSD in
India and to develop effective interventions to address this disorder.

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IMPORTANCE OF EARLY
DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
Improved speech sound production: Children with SSD may have difficulty producing certain speech sounds,
which can make it difficult for others to understand them. Early diagnosis and treatment can help children
develop the skills they need to produce speech sounds correctly, improving their overall communication
abilities.

Better academic performance: Children with SSD may experience difficulty with reading, writing, and
spelling, which can negatively impact their academic performance. Early intervention can help children
overcome these challenges and achieve success in school.

Improved social interactions: Communication is a crucial part of social interactions, and children with SSD
may struggle to communicate effectively with their peers. Early treatment can help children improve their
communication abilities and build stronger relationships with others.

Reduced likelihood of other communication disorders: If left untreated, SSD can lead to other communicationE 13
disorders, such as language disorders or stuttering. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent these
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