Command
Decision Making
Version 1 CRMM Rev 11
Content
· Examples of Decision making
· Different types of Decision making
· Naturalistic Decision making
· Emirates Decision making Model
Examples of Decision making:
Departure decision
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Examples of Decision making
Your examples of decision making?
Decision making and Time
Fuel TCAS
All other GPWS
Weather
decisions Wind shear
Medical
Hours Minutes Seconds Split-second
Rational Natural
decision
making
?
decision
making
Conditioned
reaction
Conditioned Reaction
Typical conditions:
• Clear trigger(s)
• Time is a critical factor
• No competing/complex
information available
• The aim is for reaction
to be correct and fast
Rational Decision making
Typical conditions:
• Clear and specific goals
• Minimal time constraints
• Complete and correct info
Ok, but if we
go there…
• The aim is an optimal decision
Rational Decision making
Naturalistic Decision Making
Naturalistic decision making describes how experienced people make
decisions in dynamic, naturalistic environments, under conditions of
time pressure, dynamic goals, uncertain cues and high risk
I recognise I have
this problem! encountered this
before and have
something to
guide my
decision!
Also called Recognition Primed Decision (RPD)
RPD = SITUATIONAL ASSESSMENT & EXPERIENCE
Naturalistic Decision making
Typical conditions:
• Unclear goals (+ risk)
• Available time is minimal
• Incomplete/incorrect info
and changing situation
• The aim is a decision that
is “good enough”
Naturalistic Decision making
Steps involved: This looks like…
• Situation recognition
(Based on cues from the situation) This should
work…
• Serial option evaluation
(Until get to “good enough” option)
• Mental simulation If we do it this way
(To test option and have a plan) it will fix the
problem…
Influences and Biases
Primary factors considered by crew:
· Captains: Potential risk, time pressure
· FOs: Time pressure, situation complexity
(Fischer, 1995)
Emirates Decision making Model
Integrated Decision making
UAS
Time Available?
Assess WHAT Aviate
Action WHERE Navigate
Manage HOW Communicate
Time
· How much time do you have?
· Is it time critical? (Warning)
· Is there time available? (Caution)
· Can you make time? (Advisory)
· Start your stopwatch!
What?
· What do you have to fly/aviate the aircraft?
· Assess the resources you have!
– Aircraft status (speed, altitude, configuration etc.)
– Crew and other team members
– Environment around you
– Additional resources
Where?
· Where do you go with what you have?
– Divert?
– Continue?
– Turn around?
· What are the consequences of your choice?
· Can the airport support you?
Ok, we will…
How?
· HOW do you get to WHERE you want to go
with WHAT you have?
· Who needs to know your plan? (Communicate)
· Can anyone help you? (ATC, VPNC, Medlink)
· Discuss & communicate your plan!
Emirates Decision making Model
Assess
· First:
– Aviate
– Navigate
– Communicate
Always protect these tasks!
· Understand the problem
· Look at as many different options
as possible
· Do not rush
Stay below the line!
Solution
Problem
Action
Re-assess decision,
look for info that may
show that it was wrong!
· Keep your partner in the loop
· Implement your decision
· If you need to - stop the checklist
Manage
• Manage the effects
Task
• Organise resources
• Consider Task, Group Group Indivi-
and Individual needs dual
Task: Group Individual
• Aircraft • Passengers • Medical
• En-route • Crew • Stress
• Landing • Company • Reassurance
Summary of CRM models
Aviation Golden Rules Threats & Errors Decision making
• Aviate • Avoid • Assess
• Navigate • Trap • Action Stay below
the line
• Communicate • Mitigate • Manage
Assertiveness Automation goals
• Ask • Understand
• Suggest • Anticipate
• Insist • Evaluate
Cabin Crew Briefing
Nature - Intentions - Time required - Special instructions
