BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
ENGR. JAYSON S. JAUCO
ENGINEER III
DPWH-REGION III
BRIDGE
Is a structure built to span
physical obstacle such as a body
of water, valley, or road, for the
purpose of providing passage
over the obstacle.
PARTS OF A BRIDGE
1. Sub-Structure
a. Foundation
b. Foundation Coping
c. Column Shaft
d. Coping Beam
e. Bearings
f. Abutment
g. Wingwall
2. Superstructure
a. Girder
b. End/Intermediate Diaphragm
c. Deck Slab
d. Expansion Joint
e. Sidewalk
f. Railing and Railpost
SUB-STRUCTURE
PARTS OF BRIDGE
GIRDER
ELASTOMERIC
BEARING PAD
COPING
BEAM
COLUMN
SHAFT
BOREDPILE
PARTS OF BRIDGE
RAILING
GIRDER
SHEAR BLOCK
COPING
COLUMN SHAFT WINGWALL
BOREDPILE
PARTS OF BRIDGE
RAILING
BRIDGE
SIDEWALK
DECK
EXPANSION
DAM
APPROACH
SLAB
PARTS OF BRIDGE
INTERMEDIATE
DIAPHRAGM
GIRDER
END
DIAPHRAGM
PARTS OF BRIDGE
EXPANSION
ELASTOMERIC BEARING
BEARING PAD
CONSTRUCTION
METHODOLOGY
SURVEY WORKS
1.1 DETERMINE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL
CONTROLS OF THE PROJECT. USUALLY GIVEN
ON CONTRUCTION DRAWING.
1.2 MAKE SURE THESE ELEVATIONS AND
HORIZONTAL CONTROLS WILL TALLY WITH
EXISTING STRUCTURES. IF THERE’S A
CONFLICT REFER TO CONSULTANTS AND LET
THEM DECIDE THE PROJECT VERTICAL AND
HORIZONTAL CONTROL.
VERIFICATORY BORING
2.1 IF INCLUDED IN THE CONTRACT
VERIFICATORY BORING SHOULD BE CONDUCTED
PRIOR TO BORED PILING ACTIVITIES.
FOUNDATION
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
SPREAD FOOTING
DRIVEN PILES (TIMBER, STEEL,
CONCRETE)
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE PILES
DRILLED SHAFT
STAGES OF BOREDPILING
BORING
FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION OF
REBAR
POURING OF CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION STAGE
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT
Crane with Drilling Accessories
Vibro Hammer
Desanding Machine
Bentonite Bin
Tremie Pipe
Generator
Backhoe
Transit Mixer
Concrete Bucket
Welding Machine
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT
STAGE 1 : BORING/DRILLING
1st Step 2nd Step
TYPES OF DRILL
CHISEL
HAMMER
AUGER
DRILL
DRILLING
BUCKET
DESANDING PROCESS
STAGE 2 : INSTALLATION OF REBAR
Fabrication of Rebar Cage
Installation of Rebar Cage
STAGE 3 : POURING OF CONCRETE
Installation of Tremie Pipe
Pouring of Concrete
PHOTO SHOWING
OVERFLOWING OF DIRTY
CONCRETE
PHOTO SHOWING
OVERFLOWING OF GOOD
CONCRETE
DRILLING MONITORING REPORT
SOIL SAMPLE
REBAR CAGE INSTALLATION REPORT
CONCRETE MONITORING REPORT
NOTES ON BOREDPILING
Methods in Drilling
Construction of Piles in wet condition
Range of Values
Property (Units) Time of Slurry Time of Concreting Test Method
Introduction (In hole)
Density (KN/m³) 10.10 to 10.86 10.10 to 11.79 Density
(pcf) 64.30 to 69.10 64.30 to 75.0 Balance
Viscosity (sec. 28 to 45 28 to 45 Marsh Cone
per quart)
pH 8 to 11 8to 11 pH Paper or
Meter
Note:
Increase density values by 0.314 KN/m³ (2pcf) in salt water.
If desanding is required; sand content shall not exceed 4 percent (by
volume) at any point in the shaft excavation
NOTES ON BOREDPILING
Methods in Drilling
The use of temporary casing
Casing shall be metal, smooth, clean, watertight and of ample strength.
Shall be removed while the concrete remains workable.
Sufficient head of concrete shall be maintained above the bottom of the
casing to overcome hydrostatic pressure.
The use of permanent casing
Permanent casing is applied as protection from the presence of surface water
during drilling and as support later for the installation of rebar and as a
concrete form in drilling under water.
Reinforcing Steel Cage Construction and Placement
The reinforcing steel cage consisting of the steel shown on the plans plus cage
stiffener bar, spacers, centralizers and any other necessary appurtenances shall be
completely assembled and placed as a unit immediately after the shaft excavation
is inspected.
NOTES ON BOREDPILING
Concrete Placement, Curing and Protection
Concrete shall be place as soon as possible after
reinforcing steel cage placement.
Concrete placement shall be continuous.
For piles less than 2.5m. Diameter, the elapsed time from
the beginning of concrete placement to the completion
shall not exceed 2 hrs.
For piles 2.50m and greater in diameter, the concrete
placement rate shall not be less than 9.0 meters of pile
height for each 2hrs. Period.
For at least 48hrs. After pile concrete has been placed, no
construction operations shall be conducted.
NOTES ON BOREDPILING
Construction Tolerance
1. The drilled shaft shall be within 15.24cm of the plan position in the
horizontal plane at the plan elevation for the top of the shaft
2. The vertical alignment of the shaft excavation shall not vary from the plan
alignment by more than 20.83mm/m of depth.
3. After all the shaft concrete is placed, the top of the reinforcing steel cage
shall be no more than 15.24cm above and no more than 7.62cm below plan
position.
4. When casing is used, its outside diameter shall not be less than the shaft
diameter shown on the plan.
5. When casing is not used, the minimum diameter of the drilled shaft shall be
the diameter shown on the plan for diameter 60.96cm less, and not more
than 2.54cm less than the diameter shown on the plan for diameter greater
than 60.96cm.
6. The bearing area of bells shall be excavated to the plan bearing area as a
minimum.
7. The Top Elevation of the shaft shall be within 2.54cm of the plan top of
shaft elevation.
8. The bottom of the shaft excavation shall be normal to the axis of the shaft
within 62.5mm/m of shaft diameter.
TEST ON BOREDPILE
D.O 37, series of 2017
Bored pile foundations shall be subjected
to the following tests
Bearing Capacity
Pile Integrity Test
TEST ON BOREDPILE
Bearing Capacity Test shall be conducted at locations as specified
in the plans or as designated by the Project Engineer to determine/
check the actual bearing capacity of the completed bored piles
against the required ultimate bearing capacity
As a minimum requirement for bridge projects, one (1) bored pile
shall be tested representing each pile size and where there is
significant difference in foundation materials.
For multi-span bridges, tests shall be conducted one (1) at each
abutment and one (1) at every other pier.
TEST ON BOREDPILE
Pile Integrity Test shall be conducted on at least 50% of the total
number of bored piles at each abutment and pier of bridges or at the
entire foundation area of buildings to verify and check the actual
length and the concrete homogeneity, and to locate/evaluate any
irregularity in the completed bored piles
Crosshole Sonic Logging Test (CSL) using Crosshole Sonic
Analyzer is a downhole variation of the ultrasonic-pulse velocity
test.
Low-Strain Pile Dynamic Test also referred to as a Non-Destructive
Method performed using a Pile Integrity Tester (PIT)
TEST ON BOREDPILE
PILE DYNAMIC ANALYSIS (PDA)
To check and verify the actual
capacity of the Pile.
PILE INTEGRITY TEST(PIT)
To check the integrity and length of
the pile
COLUMN SHAFT
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT
Crane (Crawler/Truck Mounted)
Pumpcrete
Generator
Backhoe
Transit Mixer
Concrete Bucket
Welding Machine
Concrete Vibrator
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
Set line and grade and verify coordinates in
accordance with approved plan
Remove dirty concrete using a jackhammer.
Install Column rebar cage in to final position.
Check horizontal and vertical alignment including
rebar plumbness.
Install split casing.
Fix temporary supports on the casing to ensure
the plumbness of the column.
Place concrete on the column shaft.
Clean and dispose excess cement unto the rebar
and adjacent area.
FORMWORKS
PLAN/LAYOUT
CATWALK
FIRST POURING
POURING OF CONCRETE
EEI
COPING BEAM
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT
Crane (Crawler/Truck Mounted)
Pumpcrete
Generator
Backhoe
Transit Mixer
Concrete Bucket
Welding Machine
Concrete Vibrator
Set of Structural I-Beam
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
Set line and grade and verify coordinates in
accordance with approved plan
Erect structural I-Beam (False Work) vertical support.
Install I-Beam header to support beam formworks and
platform.
Note: Do not forget to include a catwalk in the construction
of false work.
Install rebar.
Pour concrete using pumpcrete
Apply finishing on top of coping beam and roughen the
location of girder riser.. Place concrete on the column
shaft.
Clean and dispose excess cement unto the rebar and
adjacent area.
FORMWORKS
CATWALK
S/SLIM SOLDIER 15mm DIA. BAR TIE, WING NUT AND
WASHER PLATE FOR TENSION BAR
STRUCTURAL I-BEAM
(600x300x137)
SHEAR BRACKET
1.75" DIA. BAR TIE SHEAR BAR W/
LOCKNUT ON EITHER SIDE
TEMPORARY
FENCE
COPING BEAM SHORING SUPPORT
( Sectional Elevation )
OPTION 1
FORMWORKS
Section A
PHENOLIC PLYWOOD
BALCONY BRACKET
CATWALK STRUCTURAL I-BEAM
(600 x 300 x 137)
TIMBER BOX-OUT
TIMBER PACKER
SUPPORT TO ALFORMS
ADJ. JACK
L / DUTY SHEAR BRACKET
H / DUTY SHEAR
BRACKET
20 mm DIA. BAR TIE TEMPORARY
FENCE
EMBEDMENT SUPPORT
OF TIE ROD
Section A
COPING BEAM SHORING SUPPORT
( Side Elevation )
FORMWORKS & INSTALLATION OF REBAR
ALFORM BEAM TOP WALKWAY
15 mm DIA. BAR TIE SYSTEM
CONCRETE SPACER
COPING BEAM REBAR
PHENOLIC
TURNBUCKLE AND BASE
S / SLIM SOLDIER
TIMBER BOX-OUT
H-FRAME w/
ACCESS
TEMPORARY
LADDER
FENCE
COPING BEAM SIDE FORM
POURING OF CONCRETE
EEI
CONCRETING OF COPING BEAM
SUPER STRUCTURE
GIRDERS
1. Types of Girders
a. Prestressed Concrete Girder
b. Reinforced Concrete Girder
c. Steel Girder
GIRDERS
GIRDER
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE GIRDER
GIRDERS
DIAPHRAGM
MAIN GIRDER
REINFORCED CONCRETE GIRDER
GIRDERS
I-BEAM
STEELGIRDER
GIRDERS PRESTRESSED
GIRDER
PHOTO SHOWING POST-TENSIONING OF THE GIRDER
LAUNCHING OF GIRDER
AASHTO TYPE V
GIRDER
ACCESS
SCAFFOLDING
250 TONS 180 TONS
CRANE CRANE
INSTALLATION OF GIRDER
( Tandem Lift )
ASHTO TYPE V
GIRDER
ACCESS
SCAFFOLDING 250 TONS
CRANE
PIER PIER
INSTALLATION OF GIRDER
( Single Lift )
LAUNCHING OF GIRDER
DECKSLAB
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENT
Crane (Crawler/Truck Mounted)
Pumpcrete
Generator
Backhoe
Transit Mixer
Concrete Bucket
Welding Machine
Concrete Vibrator
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURE:
Provide Traffic Barriers and Traffic Warnings signs and
mobilize traffic aide/enforcer.
Set horizontal and vertical alignment
Install formworks and reinforcing steel bar.
After all rebars were installed check all embedment
particularly drain pipes and clean the entire deck using
a compressor or equivalent to remove all debris.
Place concrete using pumpcrete
Immediately apply finishing touches and level to the
required surface elevation
Cover the completed slab with wet burlap, don’t allow
the burlap to dry until the curing period ends
Clean and dispose excess cement unto the rebar and
adjacent area.
DECKSLAB
PHOTO SHOWING INSTALLATION
OF FORMWORKS
PHOTO SHOWING
INSTALLATION OF FORMWORKS
DECKSLAB (INSTALLATION OF REBAR)
DECKSLAB (POURINGOF CONCRETE)
DECKSLAB (POURINGOF CONCRETE)
PHOTOGRAPH
Photo showing tremie pipe w/ chute
Photo showing on-going pouring of concrete
Photo showing overflow of Dirty Concrete
Photo showing overflow of Good Concrete
Completed Bored pile
PHOTOGRAPH
Photo showing on-going installation of structural
I-beam and braces for coping beam
Photo showing on-going installation of
reinforcing steel bar on coping beam
Photo showing on-going installation of side form
with braces on coping beam
Photo showing on-going completed coping beam
PHOTOGRAPHS
Photo showing on-goingon-going
Photo showing launching of girder of
installation
reinforcing steel bar on deck slab
Photo showing on-going installation of pouring
guide on deck slab
Photo showing on-going construction of railing
Photo showing completed bridge
APPROACHES
1. Approach
a. Concrete Pavement
b. Asphalt Pavement
2. Approach Slope Protection
a.Earth fill on Slope
b.Grouted Riprap
c. Concrete Slope Protection
d. Retaining wall
e. Reinforced Earth
APPROACHES
GROUTED RIPRAP
RETAINING WALL
ROAD SIGN
PAVEMENT
PHOTO SHOWING ASPHALT PAVEMENT AS APPROACH
APPROACHES
RETAINING WALL
PAVEMENT
PHOTO SHOWING CONCRETE PAVEMENT AS APPROACH
APPROACHES PROTECTION
GROUTED RIPRAP
WEEPHOLES
PHOTO SHOWING GROUTED RIPRAP AS SLOPE PROTECTION
APPROACHES PROTECTION
RETAINING WALL
WEEPHOLES
PHOTO SHOWING STONE MASONRY AS RETAINING WALL
APPROACHES PROTECTION
RETAINING WALL
EMBANKMEN
T
PHOTO SHOWING CONCRETE RETAINING WALL
CHANNEL PROTECTION
1. Abutment Protection
a.Concrete Slope Protection
b.Grouted Riprap
c. Gabion and Mattress
d. Concrete / Steel Sheet Piles
2. Channel Protection
a.Concrete Slope Protection
b.Grouted Riprap
c. Gabion and Mattress
d. Concrete / Steel Sheet Piles
d. River Training Works
CHANNEL PROTECTION
GABION W/
MATTRESS
CHANNEL PROTECTION
RIVER
CONCRETE SLOPE TRAINING
PROTECTION
SCOURING
PROTECTION
PHOTO SHOWING CONCRETE RETAINING WALL
COMPLETED BRIDGE PROJECT
END OF PRESENTATION
THANK YOU!!!
