Earthquakes and Volcanoes
First : terminologies
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Be7o6BYVOzA&feature=youtu.b
e
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QDqskltCixA
• https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/animation/hotspot_volcanism_ther
mal_plume
Volcano
Opening in the Earth’s surface that erupts sulfurous gases, ash and lava
Vent
Opening where magma is forced up and flows out onto Earth’s surface
Crater
Steep walled depression around a volcano’s vent
Magma
Hot melted rock below the Earth’s surface
Magma Chamber
Deep well underground that holds magma under a volcano
Lava
Thick gooey molten rock material flowing from volcanoes onto Earth’s
surface
Tephra
Bits of rocks and solidified lava dropped from the air during an
explosive volcanic eruptions; range in size from volcanic ashes to
volcanic bombs and blocks
Hot Spot
Unusually hot area where magma breaks through the crust and forms a
volcano. Not at a plate boundary. This is how Hawaii formed.
Shield Volcano
Broad, gently sloping volcano formed by quiet eruptions of lava. Found
mostly where Earth’s plates move apart from each other.
Formed from basaltic lava.
Cinder Cone Volcano
Steep sides, loosely packed volcano formed when tephra falls to the
ground. Formed from andesitic lava.
•
Composite Volcano
Volcano built by alternating explosive and quiet eruptions that produce layers of
tephra and lava; has broad base with a steep top; found mostly where Earth’s
plates come together and one plate sinks below the other. Formed from granitic
magma.
Distribution of volcanoes in the world
Types of volcanoes
Strato Volcanoes
• A strato volcano, also known as a composite volcano, is a conical volcano built up by many layers
(strata) of hardened lava, pumice, and volcanic ash.
• Strato volcanoes are characterized by a steep profile and periodic explosive eruptions.
• There are some with collapsed craters called calderas.
• The lava that flows from strato-volcanoes typically cools and hardens before spreading far due to
high viscosity.
• They called "composite volcanoes" because of their composite layered.
• Two famous strato volcanoes are Krakatoa,and Vesuvius
Features of the Volcano
Composite volcano
Shield Volcano
• A shield volcano is a type of volcano usually built almost entirely of fluid lava
flows.
• They are named for their large size and low profile, resembling a warrior's shield
lying on the ground.
• This is caused by the highly fluid lava they erupt, which travels farther than lava
erupted from strato volcanoes.
• Shield volcanoes contain low viscosity magma, which gives them flowing mafic
lava.
• Example: Kilauea and Mauna In Hawaii Islands
Shield Volcanoes :
have gentle slopes
occur at hot spots or diverging plate boundaries
Lava flows easily from the vent, forming thin layers
are made up of basaltic lava
are not very explosive
E.g. Mauna Loa [30,000ft above sea level] in Hawaii
Crater
Volcanoes affect the lives of people in both negative(-)
and positive(+) ways
they can be destructive (-)
Destroying buildings
Destroying crops
Destroying bridges, roads, railways...therefore
disrupting communication
kill people if the response is not managed well
So what about the positives?
2.geothermal energy…….Iceland, Kenya
1.Fertile soils
This is ideal for farming.
3.tourism
this creates many jobs for local people
hotels, restaurants ,gift shops, tour
guides
Geysers, volcanic mountains :attract
tourists also
Geysers
4.Minerals
Lava from deep within the earth contains minerals which
can be mined once the lava has cooled.
Gold
Silver
Gold Diamond Silver
Diamonds
Zinc
Copper
Zinc
copper
Mining towns develop around volcanoes
There are lots of positives and negatives
about living near to volcanoes.
Task:
1.In your books, EXPLAIN reasons why
people might live near to volcanoes.
2.Suggest ways by which impacts of
volcanoes can be reduced
