RESEARCH PAPER 2

Done well, your research will add a lot to your knowledge and
to your ability to do the next report. So as you practice the craft
of academic research now, you prepare yourself to do research
that one day will be important, at least, to those you work with;
perhaps to us all.
How researchers think about their aims
all researchers gather facts and information called data.
But depending on their aims and experience, they use
those data in different ways.
Some researchers gather data on a topic.
Most researchers, however, want us to know more than
just facts. So they don't look for just any data on a
topic; they look for specific data that they can use as
evidence to test and support an answer to a question
that their topic inspired them to ask.
How researchers think about their aims
I am working on the topic of X
2.because I want to find out Y
3.so that I can help others understand Z
Three kinds of questions that
researchers ask.
l. The most common questions in academic work are
conceptual.
ll. The ones most common in the professions are
practical.
 I. Conceptual questions:
What Should we think? A question is conceptual when your
answer to “So what?” doesn't tell readers what to do, but helps
them understand some issue:
 1. I am working on the topic of X,
2. because I want to find out how/why/whether Y , (So what if you
do?)
3. so that I can help others understand how/why/whether Z.
If you were explaining your research, the conversation might go
like this:
 I'm working on the topic X. Why? Because I want to find out how
Y ? ?.
So what if you do?
Once I do, we might better understand X, Y, Z.
l.Conceptual questions:
Researchers in the humanities and the social and
natural sciences work mostly on conceptual questions,
such as How? What? Why?
The answers to those questions don't tell us how to
change the world, but they do help us understand
better.
Practical questions
Practical questions:
What Should we do?
You pose a different kind of question—call it a
practical one—when your answer to “So what?
“tells readers what to do to change or fix some
troublesome or at least improvable situation:
practical questions:
1. I am working on the topic of X,
2. because I want to find out Y , (So what if you do?)
3. so that I can tell readers what to do to fix/improve
Z.
Practical questions

You would explain your work on a practical question.

Practical questions are most common outside the
academic world, especially in business.
In academic fields such as health care and engineering,
researchers sometimes ask practical questions, but
more often they ask a third kind of question that's
neither purely practical nor purely conceptual: call it
an applied research question.
ll. Applied Questions:
 What Must we understand before we know what to
do?
Often, we know we must do something to solve a
practical problem, but before we can know what that
is, we must do research to understand the problem
better. We can call that kind of research applied.
 With this middle kind of question, the third step raises
a question whose answer is not the solution to a
practical problem, but only a step toward it.
Applied Questions
I want to find out how X ? So what if you do? Then we
can understand the Y.
So what if you do?
Then we can understand how to … Z.
So what if you do? Then perhaps ? ? ?. ?
Applied questions are common in academic fields such
as business, engineering, and medicine and in
companies and government agencies that do research
to understand what must be known before they can
solve a problem.
Research paper
A research project is more than collecting data.
You start it before you log on to the internet or head
for the library, and you continue it long after you have
all the data you think you need. In that process, you
face countless specific tasks, but they all aim at just
five general goals. You first do the following:
Steps in research work
Ask a question worth answering
 Find an answer that you can support with good
reasons.
 Find reliable evidence to support your reasons.
Draft a report that makes a good case for your answer.
 Revise that draft until readers will think you met
the first four goals.

Note: Research would be easy if you could march

straight through those steps.
Steps in research work

1. Choose and limit a topic

2. Develop a preliminary thesis
3. Develop a working bibliography
4. Gather enough information
5. Write a rough draft
6. Write the final draft with in-text citations and a
complete bibliography
Referencing
Why do we have to refer to other sources?
1. To give credence to the work.
2. To assure readers about the accuracy of your facts.
3. to be fair to other researchers, but also to earn
readers‘ trust.
4. It is not enough to get the facts right. You must also
tell readers the source of the facts so that they can
judge their reliability, even check them if they wish.
Referencing
5. To show readers the research tradition that informs
your work. Researchers cite sources whose data they
use, but they also cite work that they extend, support,
contradict, or correct. These citations help readers not
only understand your specific project but connect it
to other research in your field.
6. To help readers follow or extend your research. Many
readers use sources cited in a research paper not to
check its reliability but to pursue their own work. So
your citations help others not only to follow your
footsteps, but to strike out in new directions.
CITATION
Citation styles differin the elements included and in
the format of these elements, but they have the same
aim:
1. To give readers the information they need to identify
and find a source. For most sources, including
books, articles, unpublished documents, online
sources, and other written material, that information
must answer these questions:
a. Who wrote, edited,or translated the text (sometimes
all three)?
CCITATION
b. What data identify the text?
This includes
the title and subtitle of the work;
- title of the journal, collection, or series it appears in,
as well as volume number, edition number, or other
identifying information; and page numbers, URL, or
other locating information if the reference is to a
specific part of a larger text.
Citation
c. Who published the text, and
when?]
This includes the name of the publisher, date of
publication—or an indication that the document has
not been published, the place of publication and
publisher.
Note: Your readers will expect you to use the citation
style appropriate to their particular field, not just
because they are familiar with this style but because
when you use it, you show them that you understand
their values and practices.
Citation [Harvard Referencing Style]
 There are many styles in referencing (i.e., writing in-text
citation and reference list or bibliography).
 we will concentrate on Harvard Referencing Style in this
handout and for this course. you are encouraged to read others by
yourself.
The Harvard referencing style is one of the author-date styles
In this style, an in-text reference would look like this:
It has been claimed that . . . (Author, year, page number or none).
It could also look like this:
Author (year, page number or none) claims that . .
e.g. Manneh (2004, p.40) claims that… .
Citation [Harvard Referencing Style]
The Harvard style is used mostly in the social sciences,
and particularly these disciplines:
anthropology, business, economics, and social policy.
 It is also sometimes used in the sciences and
humanities for these disciplines: architecture,
computing, drama, healthcare and mathematics.
It is an author-date system whereby you insert the in-
text reference as a parenthetical author’s/authors’ name
and date within the text of your document or even just
the date in the parentheses.
In-text citation and reference
list/bibliography
The format of the in-text citation can vary
In the Harvard system, the author's/ authors’
surname(s) and year(s) of publication are cited in the
text of your work (all in parentheses).
The full details of the source are included in a
reference list or bibliography at the end of the
assignment.
Reference list or Bibliography
1. The reference list should include details for everything
that you cite in your assignment or research paper.
 It should be in alphabetical order by author with all the
different types of material in one sequence
2. Bibliography. This is a list of relevant items that you have
used to help you prepare for the assignment or research
paper, but which are not necessarily cited in your text
The terms reference list and bibliography (List of all
references in full and in alphabetical order at the end of an
assignment) are sometimes used interchangeably.
CITING REFERENCES IN-TEXT

Any in-text reference should include the authorship

and the year of the work (the last name of the author(s)
and the year of publication in the text of an
assignment) depending on the way you introduce the
citation in the sentence/paragraph that is being written
In-text citation (Author’s name cited in
the text)
When making reference to an author's whole work in your
text, it is sufficient to give the name followed by the year
of publication of their work.

For example:
When writing for a professional publication, it is good
practice to make reference to other relevant published
work. This view has been supported by Cormack (1994).
(Note that the above citation is paraphrased; it refers to the
entire work by the author. The writer could expurgate the
reporting sentence and just add the author and year )
In-text citation (Author’s name cited in
the text)
However, where you are mentioning a particular part
of the work, and making direct reference to this, a page
reference should be included.
For example:
1. Cormack (1994, pp.32-33) states that "when writing
for a professional readership, writers invariably make
reference to already published works".
2. According to Cormack (1994, pp.32-33), writers
should be encouraged to reference published research
when addressing professional readership.
In-text citation, one author
1. An indirect reference or using idea from as source.
Example:
During the mid-twenties research undertaken in professional
publishing (Cormack, 1994) showed that…
2. Author’s name not cited directly in the text
If you make reference to a work or piece of research without
mentioning the author in the text then both the author’s name and
publication year are placed at the relevant point in the sentence
or at the end of the sentence in brackets.
For example:
“Making reference to published work appears to be characteristic
of writing for a professional audience” (Cormack, 1994).
In-text citation, more authors
Other examples using two or three authors…………
1. During the mid-nineties research undertaken in Luton
(Slater and Jones, 1996) showed that …
2. Further research (Green, Harris and Dunne, 1969)
showed …..
When there are two or three authors for a work they
should all be listed (in the order in which their names
appear in the original publication), with the name
listed last preceded by an and (however, et al. is often
used for even three authors).
Four or more authors for a work

Where there are several authors (four or more), only the first
author should be used, followed by et al., meaning and others:
For example:
Green, et al. (1995) found that the majority …

OR
Indirectly:
For example:
Recent research (Green, et al., 1995) has found that the majority
of….. …
More than one author not cited directly
in the text
List these at the relevant point in the sentence or at the end of the
sentence, putting the author’s name (last/family name), followed by the
date of publication and separated by a semi-colon and all within brackets.
Where several publications from a number of authors are referred to, then
the references should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first).
For example:
1. Further research in the late forties (Smith, 1946; Jones, 1948) led to
major developments …
2. Recent research (Collins, 1998; Brown, 2001; Davies, 2008) shows that
……
3. Recent research (Collins, Brown and Davis, 2008) shows that...
(Note that works in citation three happen to share the same year of
publication that’s why there is only one date)
Several works by one author in
different years
If more than one publication from an author illustrates the
same point and the works are published in different years-
multiple works within a citation, then the references
should be cited in chronological order (i.e. earliest first).
For example
1. As suggested by Patel (1992; 1994) who found that …
OR
Indirectly
For example:
2. Research in the nineties (Patel, 1992; 1994) found that …
Several works by one author in the
same year
 If you are quoting several works published by the same author in the
same year, they should be differentiated by adding a lower case letter
directly, with no space, after the year for each item.
 For example:
Earlier research by Dunn (1993a) found that…,but later research
suggested again by Dunn (1993b) that …
If several works published by one author in the same year are referred
to on a single occasion, or an author has made the same point in
several publications, they can all be referred to by using lower case
letters (as above).
 For example.
a. Bloggs (1993a; 1993b) has stated on more than one occasion that …
b. Earlier research by Jammeh (1993a; 1993b; 1993c) found that….
Multiple works published by different authors
with the same name and year
Usually, add initial to the authors’ surnames or any additional
authors’ names (and initials, if necessary) until the citation
becomes unique.
For example
Several researchers in the past few years discovered that…
(Mendy, A. , Mendy, A. B., Mendy, A. J and Mendy, A. S.,
2008)
Even if the different authors of the same name publish their
works in different years, you just need to cite them according
to publication, starting with the most recent publication then
use semicolons instead of commas to separate them.
Chapter authors in edited works

 References to the work of an author that appears as a chapter, or part

of a larger work, that is edited by someone else, should be cited
within your text using the name of the contributory author not the
editor of the whole work.
For example:
In his work on health information, Smith (1975) states …
In the reference at the end of your document, you should include
details of both the chapter author followed by the details of the entire
work . For example:
Smith, J., (1975). A source of information. In: W. Jones, ed. 2000. One
hundred and one ways to find information about health. Oxford:
Oxford University Press. Ch.2.
If there is more than one editor, the names should be followed by eds.
Corporate authors

If the work is by a recognised organisation and has no

personal author then it is usually cited under the body
that commissioned the work. This applies to
publications by associations, companies, government
departments etc.
It is acceptable to use standard abbreviations for these
bodies, for instance RCN in your text, provided that
the full name is given at the first citing with the
abbreviation in brackets:
Corporate authors
1. First citation:
… following major pioneering research in 2006 undertaken by the Royal
College of Nursing (RCN) it has been shown that …
2. Second citation:
More recently the RCN (2012) has issued guidelines for …
Note that the full name is the preferred format in the reference list. These
should provide the full name as in the examples blow...

Royal College of Nursing. (2006). Children in the community. London: RCN.

Royal College of Nursing. (2007). Administering intravenous therapy to
children in the community setting: Guidance for nursing staff. London:
RCN.
No author

If the author cannot be identified use Anonymous or

Anon. and the title of the work and date of publication.
The title should be written in italics. Every effort
should be made to establish the authorship if you
intend to use this work as supporting evidence in an
academic submission.
For example:
Marketing strategy (Anon., 1999)
What if the source you’re citing has no
date?
 For items with no date, the abbreviation n.d. is used to
denote this. For example:
Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstrated …
OR
Indirectly:
Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated that …
Note:
Every effort should be made to establish the year of
publication if you intend to use this work as supporting
evidence in an academic submission.
Secondary sources (second-hand
references)
You may come across a summary of another author’s work
in the source you are reading, which you would like to make
reference to in your own piece of work, this is called
secondary referencing.
A direct in-text citation would be, for example:
Research recently carried out in the Greater Manchester area
by Brown 1966 (cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142) found that …
Note: In this example, Brown is the work which you wish to
refer to, but have not read directly for yourself. Bassett is the
secondary source, where you found the summary of Brown’s
work
Secondary sources (second-hand
references) cont.
An indirect in-text citation would be, for example:
In the Greater Manchester area, it is found that………
(Brown, 1966 cited in Bassett, 1986, p.142)
It is important to realise that Bassett may have taken Brown’s
ideas forward, and altered their original meaning. If you need
to cite a secondary reference, it is recommended that, where
possible, you read the original source for yourself rather than
rely on someone else’s interpretation of a work. For this
reason, it is best to avoid using secondary referencing.
The reference list at the end of your document should only
contain works that you have read. For the above example, you
would only list the work by Bassett
Tables and diagrams
When using selected information from a table or
diagram, or reproducing an entire table or diagram, a
reference must be made to the source.
For example:
In the following example, information is from a table
found on p.267 of the book Management in the media:
decision makers by Robert Brown, published in 2005.
The original source of the data used in the table in
Brown’s book was the National Statistics Office, 1985.
Tables and diagrams
If you quote from this table in the text of your essay -
treat as secondary referencing.
For example:
… historical figures demonstrate that only sixty percent
of households had televisions in Britain by the 1970s
(National Statistics Office.(1985) cited in Brown,
2005, p. 267)
Tables and diagrams
If you reproduce the table in your essay: replicate the whole table, and
add a citation below the table to acknowledge where the table was
found as in the example below showing:
Television ownership in England and Wales (Percentage of households)

Year : 1970 1980

Percentage: 60 70

Source: National Statistics Office, 1985

Citation: National Statistics Office (1985 ) cited in Brown, 2005, p.267.

(Note that National Statistics Office…..is the name of the table which
will appear in your list of table part.)
Tables and diagrams
Finally include the full details of the source, in this
case the book in your reference or bibliography list.
For example:
Brown, R.(2005). Management in the media: decision
makers. 4th ed. Harlow: FT Prentice Hall.
To cite material found on a website
 You need to identify who is responsible for producing it –
the authorship. This may be a named individual or a
corporate author (an organisation, institution or company).
If you cannot see a named author, look for a corporate
author. This could be in the website name, the About Us
section or in the URL or web address. The date for a website
may not be obvious. Look around the page if it is not in the
headline information – it might be at the bottom in the
copyright statement.
Example:
Recent research on meningitis (Mundasad, 2016) has shown …
USING BOOKS, JOURNALS AND
NEWSPAPERS
Books
Books with one author

Use the title page, not the book cover, for the reference
details. Only include the edition where it is not the
first. A book with no edition statement is most
commonly a first edition.
The required elements for a book reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only
include this if not the first edition) Place of
publication* (this must be a town or city, not a
country): Publisher.
Reference of books with editions

Example of books which are 1st edition:

1. Baron, D.P. (2008). Business and the organisation.
Chester: Pearson.
Examples of books of 3rd edition, etc
2.Redman, P. (2006). Good essay writing: a social sciences
guide. 3rd ed. London: Open University in assoc. with Sage.
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:
1.Organisations have been found to differ (Baron, 2008)
when there is …
2.Leading social scientists such as Redman (2006) have
noted …
Books with multiple authors

 For books with multiple authors, all* the names should

all be included in the order they appear in the document.
Use an and to link the last two multiple authors.
 Where there are a very large numbers of authors and a
wish not to include them all in a reference list, it is
recommended that advice from the Faculty is sought, to
establish if it is permitted to cite only a reduced number
The required elements for a reference are:
Authors, Initials., Year. Title of book. Edition. (only
include this if not the first edition) Place: Publisher.
Books with multiple authors

Reference examples of books with many authors:

1. Adams, R.J., Weiss, T.D. and Coatie, J.J. (2010). The
World Health Organisation, its history and impact.
London: Perseus.
2. Barker, R., Kirk, J. and Munday, R.J. (1988).
Narrative analysis. 3rd ed. Bloomington: Indiana
University Press.
3. Carter, B., James, K.L., Wood, G. and Williamson,
D.H. (2018). Research methods. 4th ed rev.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Books with multiple authors cont.
An in-text reference for the above examples would
read:
1. Leading organisations concerned with health (Adams,
Weiss and Coatie, 2010) have proved that…………
2. A new theory (Barker, Kirk and Munday, 1988) has
challenged traditional thinking …
3. Effective methods used to researching crowdsourcing
(Carter, et al., 2018) were found to be…
Books which are edited
For books which are edited, give the editor(s)
surname(s) and initials, followed by ed. or eds.
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials. ed. (Year). Title of book. Edition.
Place: Publisher.
Books which are edited cont.
Examples:
1. Keene, E. ed. (1988). Natural language. Cambridge:
University of Cambridge Press.
2. Silverman, D.F. and Propp, K.K. eds. (1990). The
active interview. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
3. Allouche, J. ed. (2006). Corporate social
responsibility, Volume 1: concepts, accountability and
reporting. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Chapters of edited books
For chapters of edited books the required elements for
a reference are:
Chapter author(s) surname(s) and initials., Year of
chapter. Title of chapter followed by In: Book editor(s)
initials first followed by surnames with ed. or eds. after
the last name. Year of book. Title of book. Place of
publication: Publisher. Chapter number or first and last
page numbers followed by fullstop.
Chapters of edited books cont.
References
1. Samson, C. (1970). “Problems of information studies in
history”. In: S. Stone, ed. 1980. Humanities information
research. Sheffield: CRUS. pp.44-68.
2. Smith, J. (1975). A source of information. In: W. Jones, ed.
(2000). One hundred and one ways to find information
about health. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Ch.2.
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:
1. (Samson, 1970: pp. 44-68)

2. (Smith, 1975)
Multiple works by the same author

Where there are several works by one author and

published in the same year they should be
differentiated by adding a lower case letter after the
date.
Remember that this must also be consistent with the
citations in the text
 For multiple works the required elements for a
reference are:
Author, Initials., Year followed by letter. Title of book.
Place: Publisher.
Multiple works by the same author
Examples:
1. Soros, G.(1966a). The road to serfdom. Chicago:
University of Chicago Press.
2. Soros, G. (1966b). Beyond the road to serfdom.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Works by the same author should be displayed in the
order referenced in your assignment, earliest first (as
above).
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
1. (Soros, 1966a, 1966b)
Multiple works by the same author
This also applies if there are several authors with the
same surname. As an alternative their initials can be
included in the citation.
1. (Soros, G. 1966a)
2. (Soros, G. 1966b)
3. (Soros, M. 1966)
 So in the above example, you have sources written by
George Soros and also by Manuel Soros. In the full
reference list you would list them in alphabetic order.
Multiple works by the same author
Where there are several works by one author,
published in different years, these should be arranged
in chronological order, with the earliest date first.
Books – translations/imprints/reprints

For works which have been translated, the reference

should include details of the translator, the suggested
elements for such references being:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. Translated from
(language) by (name of translator, initials first, then
surname). Place of publication: Publisher.
For example:
Canetti, E. (2001). The voices of Marrakesh: a record of
a visit. Translated from German by J.A.Underwood.
San Francisco: Arion.
Books – translations/imprints/reprints

For major works of historic significance, the date of

the original work may be included along with the date
of the translation:
For example:
Kant, I. (1785). Fundamental principles of the
metaphysic of morals. Translated by T.K. Abbott.
(1988). New York: Prometheus Books.
Reprints
For works which are reprints of classic original works, the
reference should include details of the original date of the work and
reprinting details, the suggested elements for such references being:

Author, Initials., Original Year. Title of book. (Imprint/reprint and

then year). Place of publication: Publisher.
For example:
1. Keynes, J.M. (1936). The general theory of employment, interest,
and money. Reprint (1988). London: Palgrave MacMillan.

An in-text reference for the above example would read:

(Keynes, 1936)
For classical works which have been
abridged or introduced by a noted writer.
For example:
Leakey, R.E. (1979). The illustrated origin of species.
Reprint of On the Origin of species by Charles Darwin,
1859. Abridged and introduced by Richard E. Leakey.
London: Faber and Faber.

An in-text reference for the above example would read:

(Leakey, 1979)
E-books and pdfs

 E-books available through the University Library

For e-books accessed through a password protected
database from the University Library.
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. [e-book] Place of
publication: Publisher. Followed by Available through:
ARU Library website <library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed date].
For example:
1. Fishman, R. (2005). The rise and fall of suburbia. [e-
book] Chester: Castle Press. Available through: ARU Library
website <library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 12 May 2019].
E-books available through the University
Library
2. Carlsen, J. and Charters, S. eds.(2007). Global wine
tourism. [e-book] Wallingford: CABI Pub. Available
through: ARU Library website <library.aru.ac.uk>
[Accessed 9 June 2018].

3. Wood, P. and Chesterton, W., eds. (2018). Global

warming and the oceans. 4th ed. [e-book] Oxford:
Oxford University Press. Available through: ARU
Library website <library.aru.ac.uk> [Accessed 9 June
2018].
For an open access e-book freely
available over the internet such as
through Google books
The required elements for a reference are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of book. [e-book] Place of
publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by Available at:
e-book source and web address or URL for the e-book
[Accessed date].
For example:
Cookson, J. and Church, S. eds. (2007). Leisure and the
tourist. [eBook] Wallingford: ABS Publishers. Available at:
Google Books <http://booksgoogle.com> [Accessed 9 June
2008].
For an e-book from specific e-readers
and other devices such as Kindle or
Nook.
The required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials.,
Year. Title of book. [e-book type] Place of publication (if
available): Publisher. Followed by Available at: e-book source
and web address [Accessed date].
Patterson, M. (2012). Lost places in dreams. [Kindle DX
version] Transworld Media. Available at: Amazon.co.uk
<http://www.amazon.co.uk> [Accessed 9 June 2012].
If you include a quotation from an e-book without page
numbers, use the section heading or chapter heading as a guide
to locating your quotation, if available.
Pdf documents
For a pdf version of, for example, a Government
publication or similar which is freely available:
The required elements for a reference are: Authorship,
Year. Title of document. [type of medium] Place of
publication (if known): Publisher. Followed by
Available at: include web address or URL for the actual
pdf, where available [Accessed date].
Bank of England (2008). Inflation Report. [pdf] Bank
of England. Available at:
<http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/inflatio
nreport/ir0 8nov.pdf> [Accessed 20 April 2009].
For a pdf version of, for example, a
Government publication or similar
which is freely available:
Department of Health (2008). Health inequalities:
progress and next steps. [pdf] London: Department of
Health. Available at:
<http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Pu
blications/ Publications
PolicyAndGuidance/DH_085307> [Accessed 9 June
2008].
Articles from printed sources – basic journal
reference
Use these guidelines for print articles, those you get
through Inter Library Loan, and online articles that have a
print equivalent.
The required elements for a reference are: Author, Initials.,
Year. Title of article. Full Title of Journal, Volume number
(Issue/Part number), Page number(s). For example:
1. Boughton, J.M. (2002). The Bretton Woods proposal: a
brief look. Political Science Quarterly, 42(6), p.564.

2. Cox, C. (2002). What health care assistants know about

clean hands. Nursing Times, Spring Issue, pp.647-85.
Electronic articles
Reference an e-journal article as print if it is also
available in a print version of the journal. This is
usually the case where you access an article in pdf
format and it uses sequential journal page numbers.
Example:
1. Perry, C.(2001). What health care assistants know
about clean hands. Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.

If you are not sure if there is a print equivalent, add the
electronic access information as follows:
Articles publically available on the internet
Articles from web based magazines or journals,
including Open Access articles found in institutional
repositories.
Authors, Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title of
Journal or Magazine, [online] Available at: web
address (quote the exact URL for the article)
[Accessed date].
Example:
Kipper, D. (2008). Japan's new dawn. Popular Science
and Technology, [online] Available
at:<http://www.popsci.com/popsci37b144110vgn/html
> [Accessed 22 June 2019].
Newspaper articles

 For newspaper articles the required elements for a reference

are:
Author, Initials., Year. Title of article or column header. Full
Title of Newspaper, Day and month before page number and
column line. For example:
1. Slapper, G.(2005). Corporate manslaughter: new issues for
lawyers. The Times, 3 Sep. p.4b.
In the page reference. p.4b - “4” indicates that the article is
on the fourth page of the newspaper, columns of print on a
page are labeled left to right alphabetically, so in this example
“b” indicates that this is the second column of newsprint
across the page from left to right.)
Newspaper articles
An example of corporate authorship where the
newspaper article authorship is not stated.
For example:
Times (2005). Corporate manslaughter: responses
from the legal profession (Editorial comments), The
Times, 8 Sep. p.4b.
Online newspaper articles

 For newspaper articles found in online newspapers, the

required elements for a reference are:
Author or corporate author, Year. Title of document or
page. Name of newspaper, [type of medium] additional
date information. Available at: < url> [Accessed date].
 for example:
1. Chittenden, M., Rogers, L. and Smith, D. (2003). Focus:
Targetitis ails NHS. Times Online, [online] 1 June.
Available at:
<http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/scotland/art1
138006. ece> [Accessed 17 March 2015].
Online newspaper articles
Fir example:
2. Coney, J. (2009). Is this the start of a new home loan war? HSBC
vows to lend £1billion to homebuyers with 10% deposits. Daily
Mail, [online] (Last updated 9.47 AM on 09th April 2009).
Available at: <http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1168461/Is-
start-newhome-loan-war-HSBC-vows-lend-1billion-homebuyers-
10deposits.html> [Accessed on 20 April 2019].
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:
1. (Chittenden, Rogers and Smith, 2003)
2. (Coney, 2009)
It is good practice to keep a paper copy of the first page of any web
pages you use.
Course material and Lecture notes

 It is important to check with the lecturer who has

given the lecture that they are in agreement with
course material being included in any Reference List.
If they are in agreement, and if it is not a publicly
available document, it is important to provide a copy
in the Appendix of your work. The citation to the
course material in your Reference List should then also
refer to the Appendix.
It would also be advisable to follow up any sources
mentioned in your lecture and read these for yourself.
Course material / lecture notes – print
version
The required elements for a reference are:
Lecturer/Author, Initials., Year. Title of item, Module Code
Module title. HE Institution, unpublished.
For example:
Williams, B.(2018). Guide to project management,
BD45001S Management. ARU, unpublished. (See appendix
X)
An in-text reference for the above example would read:
For example:
(Williams, 2018)
Course material – electronic

 The required elements for a reference are:

Lecturer/Author, Initials., Year. Title of item, Module Code Module
Title. [online via internal VLE], HE Institution. Available at: web
address if available over the internet, otherwise indicate if available
through WebCT, SharePoint or other virtual learning environment
address. [Accessed date].
For example:
1. Williams, B. (2008). Guide to project management, BD45001S
Management. [online via internal VLE] Anglia Ruskin University.
Available at: < J:\AIBS\AIBS Admin\ASSESSMENT MATERIAL\
ASSESSMENT MATERIAL 2009-10\IBS & MARKETING &MA
ARTS\IBS Sem 2 2009-10 Approved Material\Sem 2> [Accessed Date
13 June 2008].
Course material – electronic
An in-text reference for the above examples would read:

(Williams, 2008)
Reference from a dictionary
When you are quoting a definition from a dictionary, use the
publisher as the author
The required elements for a citation are: (Publisher, Year)
For example:
(Chambers, 2010)
The suggested elements for a reference are:
Dictionary publisher, Year. Full title of dictionary. Place of
publication: Publisher.
For example:
Chambers (2010). Chambers paperback dictionary thesaurus.
London: Chambers Harpers Publishers Ltd.
Social Media

The required elements for a reference are:

Author, Initials., Year. Title of page. [Social media type] Day/month
post written. Available from:<URL>[ Accessed date].
For example:
1. Andrews, A. (2012). Customer Focus Group [Facebook]. 11
November. Available at:< www.facebook.com/andrews> [Accessed 11
November 2010].
Author, Initials., Year. Full text of tweet. [Social media type]
Day/month tweet written. Available at: <URL> [Date accessed].
For example:
2. Big Red Corporation. (2013). New products for cars [Twitter]. 17
May. Available at:< https://twitter .com/
bigredcorporation/promotions> [Accessed 13 November 2010].
END OF SLIDE. THANK YOU
Adapted from
Fanneh, M. GEL 102 Pamphlet
library.aru.ac.uk/referencing/files/
Harvard_referencing_201718.pdf: accessed March 11,
2020
a.r.u University Library, April, 2019. University Library
Guide to Harvard style of Referencing. 6.1.2 version: a.r.u.
Neville, c.(2007).The complete guide to referencing and
avoiding plagiarism [on line]. McgGraw-Hill House:Open
University Press