Learning Objectives:
At the end of this lesson the student should be able to:
1. discuss the process and steps of reviewing
literature;
2. cite related literature using APA style;
3. create an annotated bibliography;
4. write review of literature; and
5. formulate research framework
Review of Literature
• review of literature is the process of compiling,
classifying, and evaluating what other
researchers have written on a certain topic
• sources may come from published materials
that compare the study with existing
knowledge on the research topic, and theses or
dissertations on research topics carrying the
the review of literature serves the following
purposes:
a. it helps in placing the work being reviewed
in its context
b. it describes the relationship of each work to
the research being undertaken
c. it identifies new ways to interpret and shed
light to various gaps based from previous
research papers
d. it helps in solving conflicts among
seemingly contradictory previous
studies
e. it identifies the areas that are
subject to a prior study to prevent
duplication of efforts
Steps in Reviewing Literature
a. Finding Relevant Materials. It is the
researcher’s priority to enrich his or
her work by reading literatures
containing important data relative to
his or her problem in order to
b. Actual Reading. The researcher must
thoroughly critique the contents of the
materials.
c. Note Taking. The researcher must take
notes, putting only important data in his or her
words .
American Psychological Association (APA)
style
• the American Psychological
Association (APA) style provides a
foundation for effective scholarly
communication because it helps
authors present their ideas in a clear,
concise, and organized manner.
IN-TEXT CITATION:
• if the author’s name is part of the narrative,
include only the year of publication in the
parentheses
According to Smith (1998), APA style is an
easy citation format for first-time learners.
IN-TEXT
• if the author’s name is part of the narrative, include
CITATION
only the year of publication in the parentheses
According to Smith (1998), APA style is an easy
citation format for first-time learners.
APA style is an easy citation format for first-time
learners (Smith, 1998).
if citing a particular page or chapter of
a document, include that information in
the parentheses
APA style is an easy citation
format for first-time learners
(Smith, 1998, p. 203)
if citing a particular part of a document which has
no page numbers, include the paragraph (para.) or
section heading with the number of the paragraph
(Myers, 2000, para. 5)
(Beutler, 2000, Conclusion
Reference list
Books
oBy Single Author:
Kimmel, M.S. (2007). The gendered society. Oxford
University Press.
oBy Two or More Authors:
DiFonzo, N., & Bordia, P. (2007). Rumor psychology:
Social and organizational approaches. American
Psychological Association.
oBy a Corporate (Group) Author:
American Sociological Association. (1975).
Approaches to the study of social structure.
Free Press.
oEdited Book:
Rhodewalt, F. (Ed.). (2008). Personality and
social behavior. Psychology Press.
oNo Author:
The universal declaration of human
rights. (1974). U.S. Catholic
Conference, Division of Latin
America.
EBO
oWith a DOI:
OKS
Gillam, T. (2018). Creativity, wellbeing and mental
health practice. Wiley Blackwell.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74884-9
oWithout a DOI (cite the same as a print
book):
Lauwers, J., Opsomer, J. & Schwall, H. (Eds.).
oFrom a website:
•Sanger, M. (2000). Woman and the new race.
Bartleby.com. http://www.bartleby.com/1013/
(Original work published 1920).
Encyclopedia,
oOnline with a DOI:
Dictionary, Handbook
Watkins, M. (2013). Mind-body problem. In H.
Pashler (Ed.), Encyclopedia of the mind. SAGE.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452257044.n191
oOnline with no DOI:
Shevell, S. K. (2000). Color vision. In A. E.
Kasdin (Ed.), Encyclopedia of psychology (Vol.2,
Journal Articles
oArticles without DOI or in print
Scroggins, W. A., Thomas, S .L., & Morris, J.
A. (2008). Psychological testing in personnel
selection, Part II: The refinement of methods
and standards in employee selection. Public
Personnel Management, 37(2), 185-199.
oTwo or more authors (up to 20
authors):
Klimonske, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The
ADA and the hiring process in
organizations. Consulting Psychology
Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-
Annotated
Bibliography
• annotated bibliography is a list of
citations to books, articles, and
documents
• each citation is followed by a brief
(usually about 150 words) descriptive
and evaluative paragraph, the
•annotated bibliography is
created for the purpose of
informing the reader of the
relevance, accuracy, and
quality of sources cited
in creating an annotated bibliography,
the following should be considered:
•scout for resources that would be
of relevance to study
•identify the main points raised
and document those
in creating an annotated bibliography,
the following should be considered:
• add comments by creating a critical
analysis of the author’s point of view,
the clarity of what the author is
saying, discuss the appropriateness of
the author’s expression or opinion,
and the authority by which the author
Writing the
Literature
• writing the literature review means
presentation of the analysis, patterns, and
critiques of individual source or the body
of literature as a whole
• its purpose is to offer a wide review of
referred scholarly articles, and other
sources like journals, theses, and
Essential Elements of Literature
Review of the subject or topic,
• overview
issues, or theories to be considered
• division of works such as those that
support a particular position, those
against, and those that offer other
ideas
Essential Elements of Literature
•Review
explanation of the comparison
of the gathered literature
•conclusion and the best
arguments
Format of a
Literature Review
The
▪the general problem and the
Introduction
important terms to be defined
▪every important data should be
highlighted such as the concepts,
theories, methodology, and even
the gaps
•the criteria in selecting the
literature should be considered
to assess which resources are
pertinent and should be included
and which are irrelevant and
The Body
▪research and studies
should be summarized
and/or synthesized
in choosing the literature, consider
•the following:
Provenance: author’s credentials and the
empirical basis of his/her work
• Objectivity: rationality of every data or
facts cited
• Persuasiveness: degree of credibility of
data
• Value: degree of contributions of the
The
• major contributions of the studies or
Conclusion
articles should be summarized
• current developments and new
information should be evaluated
• the review should be concluded by
relating the gathered data to the central
theme or problem
Research
Framework
• a framework is defined as a set
of ideas that provide support to
something
• any concept or theory requires a
strong framework to establish
• Input contains the variables that
causes the problem, phenomenon, or
transformation.
• Process includes the method by
which the variables are collected
• Input contains the variables that
causes the problem, phenomenon,
or transformation.
• Process includes the method by
which the variables are collected
