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Evolution
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Evidence from Fossil Records
• Most fossils were commonly found in
sedimentary rocks. They were from the
hard parts of the organism like woody
stem, bones, or teeth.
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Evidence from Fossil Records
• Another type of fossil is an imprint or
impression.
• Imprints are shallow external molds left
by animal or plant tissues with little or
no organic materials present.
• Compression is the other side with more
organic material.
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Evidence from Fossil Records
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Evidence from Fossil Records
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Determining the age of fossils
• Paleontologists make initial estimates of
the age through the position in the
sedimentary rocks.
• Fossils found in the bottom layer are
much older than those found in upper
layer of rocks.
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Activity 1A
Where Do I Belong?
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Objective
• Draw and place the fossil of organisms in
its proper Era and Period.
Materials
• Pen and paper
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Procedure
• Try to place or draw the fossils of the
following organisms in the Era and
period where they belong.
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Geologic Time Scale
• The Geologic Time Scale proposes the
major events in the earth’s history.
• It also suggests the appearance of
various kinds of organisms in a
particular period of time on earth.
• Q1. Analyze the able
above. Which is
assumed to be the
oldest organism?
Why do you think so?
What is the probable
age of the fossil?
• Answer: Trilobites.
They lived during
Paleozoic Era, in the
Silurian and
Ordovician period.
They can be 600
million years old.
• Q2. In what era can
you possibly find
the most recent
fossil? Why do you
say so?
• Answer: Cenozoic
Era, the recent
fossil may be found
in the uppermost
layer of the rock.
• Q3. Do you think
there are organisms
that lived during the
Cambrian Period?
Explain your answer.
• Answer: Yes. Rock
layers in the
Cambrian period also
have traces /imprints
of mollusks that lived
during that time.
Most of them were
invertebrates
• Q4. When do you
think did the
present day
humans first
appeared on earth?
• Answer: Cenozoic
Era, the fossil of the
fist human was
found during this
Era
• Q5. Describe how
organisms are
arranged in the
table.
• Answer: Organisms
are arranged from
invertebrates to
vertebrates, from
simple organisms to
complex organisms
and from
unicellular to
multicellular
Relative Dating Technique
• Relative dating is a method used to
determine the age of the rocks by
comparing them with the rocks in the
other layers. The younger rock is found
on the top layer and the older rock is
found in bottom layer.
Relative Dating Technique
• Relative dating method depends upon
the assumption that the age of a fossil is
based on the relative age of the rock from
which they are found; the technique is
also used to date the rock based on the
fossil it contained. This makes the
method unreliable and require Carbon -
14 dating, other radioisotopes dating,
and molecular techniques.
Relative Dating Technique
• The fossils of invertebrates found at the
bottom part of the rock layer suggest
that invertebrates are probably one of
the fist and oldest organisms that lived
on earth.
Radiometric Dating Technique
• It is a method used to determine the age of rocks using
the decay of radioactive isotopes present in rocks.
• All organisms have decaying carbon-14 in it. Plants
and animals that are still alive constantly replace the
supply of carbon in their body and the amount of
carbon -14 in their body stays the same. When an
organism dies, carbon-14
starts to decay.
• Carbon dating is used to tell the age of organic
materials. Art collectors use carbon dating to
determine if a piece of art work is genuine or not.
Activity 1B
What’s My Age?
Objective
• Determine the age of fossils.
Materials
• Pen and paper
Procedure
• Use the information below to answer the
age of the fossils.
5730
11460
17190
Q6. What is the oldest fossil?
• Answer: The age of the oldest fossil is 17
190 years old, a petrified wood.
Q7. Why is it important to know the age of
the fossil?
• Answer: The age of the fossil will
determine the particular Era or Period
the organisms existed on earth.
Geologic Time
Scale
• The Geologic Time
Scale shows the
major events in the
Earth’s history.
• It also shows the
appearance of
various kinds of
organisms in a
particular period of
time on earth.
Geologic Time
Scale
• Looking at the
Geologic Time
Scale, can you
determine how old
is the Earth?
• Do you have any
idea why particular
organisms exist in
every period or era?
Hint of Evolution from Comparative
Anatomy
• Homologous Structures
• Analogous Structures
Homologous Structures
• Structures from different species which
have similar internal framework,
position, and embryonic development are
considered to be homologous.
• Homologous structures may perform
different functions in the species living in
the different environment, or it may have
the same origin but different functions.
Homologous Structures
• Here are some example of homologous
structures: forelimbs of dog, bird, lizard,
and whale, which are structurally the
same, but functionally different.
Analogous Structures
• Structures of unrelated species may
evolve to look alike, because the
structure is adapted to similar function.
• These are called analogous structures.
• Analogous structures have similar
functions but different origin.
Analogous Structures
• Examples are wings of birds, bats, and insects
that have the same function but
different in origin.
• Q8. Can you give some examples of analogous
structures? What are those?
Activity 2:
AHA Analagous! Homologous!
Objectives
• Distinguish homologous structure from analogous
structure.
• Explain the relevance of comparative anatomy as
an evidence of evolution.
Materials
• Pen and paper
Procedure
• Directions: Write in the space provided H if
the structures below are homologous and A
if they are analogous.
Structures Classification
H
Procedure
• Directions: Write in the space provided H if
the structures below are homologous and A
if they are analogous.
Structures Classification
H
Procedure
• Directions: Write in the space provided H if
the structures below are homologous and A
if they are analogous.
Structures Classification
A
Procedure
• Directions: Write in the space provided H if
the structures below are homologous and A
if they are analogous.
Structures Classification
A
Q9. Can you say that human, whale
and bat might belong to a common
ancestral group? Explain why.
• Answer: Yes, because their forelimbs are
made up of same kinds of bones that
just vary in size and function differently,
suggest that they share a common
ancestor.
Q10. Give other examples of
homologous structures.
Comparing Homologous Structures
and Analogous Structures
Basis of Homologous Analogous
Comparison Structures Structures
Have the same Have different
Origin
ancestor ancestors
Modified to Adapted to
Function perform different perform similar
functions functions
Forelimbs of bat Wings of bat, bird
Example
and whale and butterfly
Divergent Evolution
• The presence of
homologous structures
is a strong indicator
that the organisms
evolved from common
ancestors.
• This type of evolution
is called divergent
evolution.
Divergent Evolution
• Divergent evolution
is the splitting of
an ancestral
population into two or
more subpopulations
that are
geographically isolated
from one another
Convergent Evolution
• Convergence is an
increase in
similarities among
species derived from
different ancestors
as a result of similar
adaptation to similar
environment.
Convergent Evolution
• In convergent
evolution, analogous
structures of unrelated
organisms from
different ancestors
develop similar
function such as wings
of a bat, wings of a bee
and bird wings.
Activity 3:
Who is my Relative?
Objectives
• Compare the stages embryonic development of
different organisms.
• Explain how embryonic development provides
clues for evolution.
Materials
• Pen and paper
Procedure
• Directions: Study and compare the
stages of embryonic development of the
different vertebrates.
Q11. In what stages of development of the
organisms above show similarities?
• Answer: The first
and second
stages of
development of
the organisms
show better
similarities
Q12. Identify the structure, how and
where are they similar?
• Answer: The
shape of head,
lower parts of
the body, and
forelimbs.
Q13. In stage 3, identify the structures
that made the organisms different from
each other?
• Answer:
Organisms are
different in size,
shape of the
head, hind
limbs, forelimbs,
structure of the
eyes, etc.
Q14. Can embryonic development be an
evidence that evolution took place?
Explain.
• Answer: Yes.
Similarity in
structures may
suggest that
organisms
share common
ancestors
Evidence from Embryonic Development
• An embryo is an early stage of development in
organisms. Embryonic development include stages
such as blastula, gastrula, and organogenesis.
• The embryo of fishes, salamanders, lizards, birds,
cats, and humans are similar during the fist stage
of their embryonic development; and have several
homologous structures that are not present when
the organisms are adults
• Species that are closely related exhibit similar
embryonic development although in the adult
stage the organisms are quite different.
Activity 4:
Let’s Compare
Objectives
• Compare the sequence of amino acids in the
cytochrome C of the different vertebrates.
• Infer about the evolutionary relationship of the
organisms from the differences in amino acid
sequence.
Materials
• Pen and paper
• Graphing paper and coloring materials
Procedure
• Given are the sequences of amino acids
in the cytochrome C of the human,
chimpanzee, gorilla, Rhesus monkey,
horse, and kangaroo. Cytochrome C is a
respiratory enzyme located inside the
mitochondria.
• Study carefully the sequence of the
amino acid.
Procedure
• Supply the missing amino acid sequence
of chimpanzee, gorilla, Rhesus monkey,
horse, and kangaroo to complete Tables
2, 3 and 4. Refer to table 1 for your
answer.
• Identify the differences using the amino
acid sequence of human as reference.
Procedure
• Complete Table 5 to show the number of
amino acid differences and the position
which they vary.
0
1 (104)
2 (87, 104)
5 (87, 111, 112,
114, 116)
7 (87, 104, 109,110,
112, 113, 116)
Guide Questions
• Q15. Based on the activity, which
organism is closely related to humans?
• Answer: Chimpanzee
• Q16. Which organism is least related to
humans?
• Answer: Kangaroo
Procedure
• Study tables 6 and 7
Procedure
• In a graphing paper, plot the information
on Table 6 and Table 7 in a bar graph,
and use different colors to represent
each pairing of species.
Guide Questions
• Q17. What organism appears to be least related
to humans?
• Answer: Bread molds, with 48 differences in
amino acid sequence.
• Q18. In Tables 6 and 7, which pair of organisms
appears to be more related to each other? Which
pair of organisms is the least related to each
other? Why did you say so?
• Answer: Fruit fly and screwworm. Fruit fly and
wheat, with 47 differences in amino acid
sequence
Guide Questions
• Q19. If the amino acid sequence of the two organisms
are similar, would their DNA be also similar? Why?
• Answer: Yes, the similarity in amino acid sequence
may suggest similarity in
their DNA sequence.
• Q20. Do you think the chimpanzee, gorilla, and
humans have a common ancestry? Explain your
answer.
• Answer Yes, similarity in amino acid sequence may
suggest the closer relationship
of the organisms.
Evidence from Amino Acid Sequence
• DNA and amino acid sequences maybe explored
to investigate evolutionary concepts.
• These tools may provide identify and are used in
the classification of organisms to their respective
genus and species.
• The greater the similarity in amino acid
sequence, the closer the relationship of the
organisms. The organisms which are similar in
structure and also possess similarity at the
biochemical level could probably have a common
ancestor.
Theory of Evolution
Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
• Jean Baptiste de Lamarck
was the fist evolutionist to
believe that organisms
change over time. Using
fossil records as a guide,
Lamarck was able to
develop three theories;
Theory of Need
• Theory of Need which states that
organisms change in response to their
environment.
• Their ability to survive helped them
develop characteristics necessary for
them to adapt in a given environment.
Theory of Use and Disuse
• The Theory of Use and Disuse; which
according to Lamarck, organs not in use will
disappear while organs in use will develop.
Lamarck believed that giraffes before have
short necks, but because of the need to
survive and in order to reach tall trees for
food, they kept stretching their necks until
these became longer and able to reach taller
trees.
Theory of Use and Disuse
Theory of Acquired Characteristics
• Acquired characteristics are believed to
be inherited by offspring and propagated
by the next generation.
• Many scientists rejected the theories of
Lamarck. They understood that if there
were changes in cell or body structure,
there could be changes in the genetic
information of the species.
Charles Darwin
• Charles Darwin proposed his
Theory of Evolution based on
Natural Selection.
• He suggested the Theory of
Natural Selection, after his
voyage to the Galapagos Island in
HMS Beagle. He was fascinated
by the diversity of organisms he
found along the journey.
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Natural Selection
Theory of Natural Selection
• According to Darwin, giraffe species
originally had varying neck lengths but natural
selection favored the survival of giraffes with longer
necks that could feed on taller trees that were
available.
• Giraffes with short neck were eliminated due to
lack of accessible food supply.
• In natural selection, environmental factors
promote the survival of the fittest and eliminates
the less fit.
Activity 5:
Follow the Track
Objectives
• Explain the theory of Natural Selection
Materials
• Pen
• Paper
Procedure
• Observe the set of footprints in the
diagram.
Procedure
• Try to tell a story about the different
events.
Procedure
• Predict what can probably happen at the
end of the diagram.
Q21. In Diagram 1, how many sets of
footprints are there? Based on the size of
footprints, describe the organisms.
• Answer: Two sets of footprints. Yes, the
footprint on the left belongs to smaller
organisms, while footprints on the right
belong to much bigger organisms.
Q22. In what directions are the footprints
going?
• Answer: They are both going to the same
direction.
Q23. Describe or predict what is
happening in Diagram 3. In Diagram 4.
• Answer: In diagram 3, a struggle between the two
organisms.
• In diagram 4, the organism with advantageous
characteristics survived. The smaller organisms
did not survive.
Theory of Natural Selection
• Organisms struggle for existence in order to
survive; they compete for food and space.
• Organisms with favorable and advantageous
characteristics survive and reproduce.
• Fitness refers to the ability of an organism to
survive and produce offspring.
• Different individuals in a population possess
different characteristics and abilities. This is
called variation.
Theory of Natural Selection
• Variation among individuals in the
population would likely bring greater
chance of survival. An organism that is
adapted and has structures fitted to
survive in a given environment would
likely produce offspring.
Variation
• Variation increases the chance of
survival of living things.
• Organisms with the best and desirable
traits would likely adapt to
environmental changes and may
gradually become better suited to survive
in a given environment.
Speciation
• Organisms which are best adapted to the
environment will continue to reproduce and
perpetuate their own kind. Mating between
surviving populations of the same species
may shift the abundance of a new breed of
organism because of mutation, gene
combination, and natural selection. This
then leads to speciation and may
subsequently increase biodiversity.
Q28. Can destruction of our natural
resources affect the survival of species?
How?
• Answer: Yes. Destruction of habitat may
lead to food shortage, which may cause
migration and death of organisms.
Q29. In what way can you help to protect
our natural resources and save our
biodiversity?
• Answer: Proper garbage disposal, energy
conservation. Reuse, recycle and reduce
consumption
“What will you do in order to
survive in any given environment or
situation”?
