SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
ET 382 Lecture 8
Digital Filters & Z-Transforms
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
• Introduction – Digital Filters
• Z- Transforms-Digital filters
• Z-Transforms Operations
• Z-Transforms Examples
INTRODUCTION
• In signal processing, the function of a filter is
to remove unwanted parts of the signal
• such as random noise, or to extract useful
parts of the signal,
• such as the components lying within a certain
frequency range
FILTER BLOCK DIAGRAM
FILTER BLOCK DIAGRAM
DIGITAL FILTERS
• Digital filters are used for two general purposes:
(1) separation of signals that have been combined,
and (2) restoration of signals that have been
distorted in some way
• Analog (electronic) filters can be used for these same
tasks; however, digital filters can achieve far
superior results
DIGITAL FILTERS - ADVANTAGES
A digital filter is programmable, i.e. its operation is
determined by a program stored in the processor's
memory
This means the digital filter can easily be changed
without affecting the circuitry (hardware)
An analog filter can only be changed by redesigning the
filter circuit.
Digital filters are easily designed, tested and
implemented on a general-purpose computer or
workstation
DIGITAL FILTER - ADVANTAGES
The characteristics of analog filter circuits are
subject to drift and are dependent on temperature.
Digital filters do not suffer from these problems,
and so are extremely stable with respect both to
time and temperature.
DIGITAL FILTER - OPERATION
Suppose the "raw" signal which is to be digitally
filtered is in the form of a voltage waveform
described by the function
V x(t )
where t is time. This signal is sampled at time
intervals h (the sampling interval). The sampled
value at time t = ih is
xi transferred
Thus the digital values xih from the ADC to
the processor can be represented by the sequence;
x0, x1 , x 2 , x3 ........
DIGITAL FILTER - OPERATION
corresponding to the values of the signal waveform
at times t = 0, h, 2h, 3h, ... (where t = 0 is the instant
at which sampling begins)
At time t = nh (where n is some positive integer),
the values available to the processor, stored in
memory, are
x0, x1 , x 2 , x3 ........x n
Note that the sampled values x n 1, x n 2 ,
etc. are
not available as they haven't happened yet!
DIGITAL FILTER - OPERATION
The digital output from the processor to the
DAC consists of the sequence of values
y 0, y1 , y 2 , y 3 ........ y n
In general, the values of y n are calculated
from the values
x0, x1 , x 2 , x3 ........x n
The way in which the y's are calculated from
the x's determines the filtering action of the
digital filter
DIGITAL FILTER - OPERATION
The transfer function of a digital filter is
obtained from the symmetrical form of the
filter expression
it allows us to describe a filter by means of a
convenient, compact expression
This leads to the Z-Transform
The Z-Transform of a Digital filter can be
used to determine many of the characteristics
of the filter
Z-TRANSFORM APPLIED TO DIGITAL
FILTERS
The unit delay operator
1
z
When applied to a sequence of digital values, this operator
gives the previous value in the sequence.
It therefore in effect introduces a delay of one sampling
interval. Thus;
1
z x n x n 1
Z-TRANSFORM OPERATION
This operation is summarized using the expression
below;
X [ z] X [ n] z
n
n
Z-TRANSFORM - EXAMPLES
Example 1
For the sequence below, find z 1 x1 , z 1 x 2 , z 1 x3
x0 5, x1 3, x2 2, x3 6
Z-TRANSFORM - EXAMPLES
Solution 1
For the sequence given earlier, the solution is given below;
1
Note that z x0 is unknown and assumed to be 0.
z 1 x1 5, z 1 x2 3, z 1 x3 2
Z-TRANSFORM - EXAMPLES
Example 2 yn
For the sequence below and using the Z operator find
xn
bo yn b1 yn 1 b2 yn 2 a0 xn a1 xn 1 a2 xn 2
Z-TRANSFORM - EXAMPLES
Solution 2
For the sequence above, the Transfer
yn function is;
xn
1 2
yn (ao a1 z a2 z )
1
xn (b0 b1 z b2 z 2 )
