HESS’S LAW
Lesson Topic Thermochemical equation
Apply Hess’s law to calculate the enthalpy
change for a reaction.
Learning Outcomes
Calculate ΔHrxn using thermochemical
equations.
Media used to present the lesson LMS, Team, YouTube , wordwall
Motivating learning strategies for
LMS rewards (Stars and Badges)
learning
Methods for assessing students Solve an activity through Nearpod
learning - Assessments uploaded on Classkick
Methods of providing feedback and Feedback in class activities as its being assessed,
supporting students Teacher available at specific time on Teams for support.
During the phase change of freezing, energy is
1. absorbed
2. released
3. constant
4. fixed
The phase change from a liquid to a gas is called
1. sublimation
2. evaporation
3. condensation
4. deposition
Write the sign of Δ H for each of the following
system
changes in physical state.
a. C H OH(s) → C H OH(l)
2 5 2 5
b. H O(g) → H O(l)
2 2
c. CH OH(l) → CH OH(g)
3 3
d. NH (l) → NH (s)
3 3
Identify thermochemical equations:
4Fe(s) + 3O2 (g) → 2Fe2O3 (s) + 1625 kJ
NH4NO3 (s) → NH (aq) + NO (aq)
4
+
3
-
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O(l) Δ Hcomb = -2808 kJ
H2 (g) + O2 (g) → H2O(l) + 286 kJ
What is the name of this device and what is it used for?
Calorimeter , used to determine H
Sometimes it is impossible to measure the H by using a
calorimeter,
Hess’s Law
1- When the reaction occurs very slowly.
C ( s, diamond) C (s, graphite)
2- The reaction occurs in conditions that are
difficult to find in the laboratory
3- When reactions produce unwanted
products.
Hess’s Law
Which means; you can add two or more thermochemical equations to produce
a final equation for a reaction, then the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual
reactions is the enthalpy change for the final reaction.
ΔH My Law states that the
change of enthalpy in
a chemical reaction is
independent of the
pathway between the
ΔH1 ΔH3 initial and final states.
ΔH2
ΔH = ΔH1+ΔH2+ΔH3
Hess’s Law, cont.: Example: Combustion of methane:
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O ΔH = -890 KJ
Step 1
Step 2
We can break up this reaction into two steps:
1. CH4 + 2O2 CO + 2H2O + ½ O2 ΔH = - 607 KJ
ΔHrxn= ΔH1 + ΔH2 = −607 + (−283)2. CO
= +−890 kJΔH = -283 KJ
½ O CO 2 2
(step 2 with the two water molecules from the
pervious reaction)
Rules for Hess’s Law Calculations
Rul
e
Make sure to add the corresponding ∆Hrxn values when you add the two
chemical equations together
A+B→C ∆Hrxn = +20 kJ
0
C+D→F ∆Hrxn = +10 kJ
A+B+D→F ∆Hrxn = 20 + 10 = +30 kJ
Rul
e
If we reverse the direction of a chemical reaction, then the sign of ∆Hrxn
should be reversed.
A+B→C ∆Hrxn = +20 kJ
C→A+B ∆Hrxn = − 20 kJ
Rul
e
If you multiply a chemical reaction by a factor, then you need to multiply
∆Hrxn by the same factor
C →A + B ∆Hrxn = − 20 kJ
C→ A+ B ∆Hrxn = − 40 kJ
• C + O2 CO2 H = ????? kJ
• that this can occur as 2 steps
C + ½O2 CO H = – 110.5 kJ
CO + ½O2 CO2 H = – 283.0 kJ
C + CO + O2 CO + CO2 H = – 393.5 kJ
C + O2 CO2 H = – 393.5 kJ
Hess’s law allows us to add equations.
We add all reactants, products, & H values
Hess's Law (cont.)
2S (s)+ 3O2(g) 2SO3 (g) ????=H
a- S (s)+ O2(g) SO2 (g) H=-297KJ
b- 2SO3 (g) 2SO2 (g)+ O2(g) H=198KJ
a- 2S (s)+ 2O2(g) 2SO2 (g) H=-594KJ
-b 2SO2 (g)+ O2(g) 2SO3 (g) H=-198KJ
2S (s)+ 3O2(g) 2So3 (g) H=-792KJ
Calculate ΔHrxn Example 5 page 100
2H2O2(l) 2H2O(l) + O2 (g) H= ?????? kJ
a 2H2 (g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) H = - 572 kJ
b H2(g) + O2(g) H2O2(l) H = - 188 kJ
a 2H2 (g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) H = - 572 kJ
b 2H2O2(l) 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) H = + 376 kJ
2H2O2(l) 2H2O(l) + O2 (g) H= -196 kJ
Calculate ΔHrxn
C(s,graphite) + 1/2O2(g) CO(g)
a C(s,graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) H = -394 kJ
b CO(g) + 1/2O2(g) CO2(g) H = - 283 kJ
a C(s,graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) H = -394 kJ
b CO2(g) CO(g) + 1/2O2(g) H = + 283 kJ
C(s,graphite) + 1/2O2(g) CO(g) H = -111kJ
Page 117
93 - 2kJ
94 - 1589kJ
Page 105
42 - 233kJ
33 - 521 kJ
Page 101 Page 117
32 - 385.4 kJ 93 - 2kJ
94 - 1589kJ
33 - 521 kJ
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) H = ???? kJ
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) H = 180.6 kJ
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H = - 91.8 kJ
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) H = - 483.7 kJ
2N2 + 2O2 4NO H = 361.2 kJ
4NH3 2N2 + 6H2 H = +183.6 kJ
6H2 + 3O2 6H2O H = -1451.1 kJ
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g) H = -906.3 kJ
Lesson Topic Thermochemical equation
Determine the enthalpy change for a reaction
Learning Outcomes
using standard enthalpies of formation data
Media used to present the lesson LMS, Team, ppt
Motivating learning strategies for
LMS rewards (Stars and Badges)
learning
Methods for assessing students Solve an activity through
learning - Assessments uploaded on
Methods of providing feedback and Feedback in class activities as its being assessed,
supporting students Teacher available at specific time on Teams for support.
The standard enthalpy (heat) of formation
(ΔHf° )
The change in enthalpy when one mole of a substance in the standard state
(1 atm of pressure and 298.15 K) is formed from its pure elements under the
same conditions.
Example: formation of water molecule from hydrogen and oxygen
H2(g)+ ½O2(g)→H2O(l) ΔHf° =−286 kJ
Example: formation of sulfur trioxide molecule from sulfur and oxygen
S(s) + 3/2 O2 (g) → SO3 (g) ΔHf° = -396 kJ
Acid Rain: integration to
environmental science
Sulfur trioxide combines with
water in the atmosphere to
form sulfuric acid (H2SO4), a
strong acid, which reaches
Earth as acid precipitation.
Acid precipitation slowly
destroys trees and property
Acid Rain: integration to environmental
science
1. burning fossil fuel produce sulfur (impurities
in fossil fuel)
2. Sulfur from fossil fuel combines with oxygen
in air to form SO2 and SO3
3. In the atmosphere (clouds) it reacts with
water to give sulfurous acid H2SO3
4. Further it reacts with oxygen and produce
H2SO4 (strong acid)
Thus all sulfur oxides are harmful and dangerous
to the environment
The standard enthalpy (heat) of
formation (ΔHf° )
The standard state of a substance:
it is the normal physical state of
the substance at 1 atm and 298 K
Mercury is
Liquid
Iron, Aluminum, Gold and
Copper in their standard state
they are solids
The standard enthalpy (heat) of
formation (ΔHf° )
Also, Graphite and diamond are two
different allotropes of element
carbon.
But because graphite is more stable
at 1 atm pressure and 25oC, so the
standard state of carbon is
graphite.
The standard enthalpy (heat) of
formation (ΔHf° )
The standard enthalpy of formation of any
element in its standard state is zero by
definition.
½ N2 (g) + O2 (g) → NO2 (g) ΔH f° = +33.2 kJ
The Summation Equation
o o o
ΔH reaction = ∑ ΔH f (products) − ∑ ΔH f (Reactants)
Example:
X + Y Z +R
ΔHfo (X) = 410 KJ ΔHfo (Z) = 570 KJ
ΔHfo (Y) = -140 KJ ΔHfo (R) = 220 KJ
o
ΔH reaction = [ΔHfo (Z) + ΔHfo (R)] − [ ΔHfo (X) + ΔHfo (Y)]
o
ΔH reaction = [(570 kJ)+ (220 kJ)] − [ (410 kJ)+ (-140 kJ)] = 520 kJ
Worked Example 3
Use standard enthalpies of formation to calculate ΔH°rxn for the combustion of
methane.
ΔH f°(CO ) = -394 kJ
2
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
ΔH f°(H2O) = -286 kJ
ΔH f°(CH4) = -75 kJ o o o
ΔH f°(O2) = 0.0 kJ
ΔH reaction = ∑ ΔH f (products) − ∑ ΔH f (Reactants)
o
ΔH reaction = [ΔHfo (CO2) + ΔHfo (2H2O) ] − [ ΔHfo (CH4) + ΔHfo (2O2)]
o
ΔH reaction = [ (-394) +(2)(-286 ) ] − [ (-75 ) +(2)(0.0) ]
o
ΔH reaction = [-966 kJ] − [-75 kJ] = -966 kJ + 75 kJ = −891 kJ
o
ΔH reaction = -891 kJ
Worked Example 4
Two enthalpy of formation equations, (a) and (b) , combine to form the equation for the
reaction of nitrogen oxide and oxygen. The product of the reaction is nitrogen dioxide:
What is ΔHf° for Equation (b)
NO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) → NO2(g) ΔH rxn = -58.1 kJ
a. ½ N2(g) + 1/2 O2 (g) → NO(g) ΔH f° = 91.3 kJ
b. ½ N2(g) + O2(g) → NO2(g) ΔH f° = ?
NO(g) + 1/2 O2(g) → NO2(g) ΔH rxn = -58.1 kJ (-58.1 kJ)+ (91.3 kJ)
= 33.2 kJ
a. ½ N2(g) + 1/2 O2 (g) → NO(g) ΔH f° = 91.3 kJ
½ N2(g) + O2(g) NO2(g) ΔH f° = 33.2 kJ
ΔH f° = 33.2 kJ
Determine ΔH ° for butanoic acid,
c o mb
C H COOH(l) + 5O (g) → 4CO (g) + 4 H O(l).Use data in Table R-11
3 7 2 2 2
on page 975 and the following equation.
4C(s) + 4 H (g) + O (g) → C H COOH(l) ΔH = -534 kJ
2 2 3 7
Section Summary
• Apply Hess’s law to
calculate the enthalpy
change for a reaction.
• Calculate ΔHrxn using
thermochemical equations.
• Determine the enthalpy
change for a reaction using
standard enthalpies of
formation data.
