CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Database
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Chapter 1 - Objectives
• Traditional file-based system.
• Database approach.
• Components of database system.
• Characteristics of database.
• Database Management System (DBMS) and its
functions.
• History of database processing.
• Database trends.
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Examples of activities that needs a

database.
• Purchases from the supermarket
• Purchases using your credit card
• Booking a holiday at the travel agents
• Using the local library
• Taking out insurance
• Renting a video
• Using the Internet
• Studying at university
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Examples of Database Applications

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Before database era - File-Based Systems

• Collection of application programs that perform services
for the end users (e.g. reports).

• Each program defines and manages its own data.

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File-Based Processing
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Limitations of File-Based Approach

• Separation and isolation of data
• Each program maintains its own set of data.
• Users of one program may be unaware of
potentially useful data held by other programs.

• Duplication of data
• Same data is held by different programs.
• Wasted space and potentially different values
and/or different formats for the same item.
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Limitations of File-Based Approach

• Data dependence
• File structure is defined in the program code.

• Incompatible file formats

• Programs are written in different languages, and so
cannot easily access each other’s files.

• Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs

• Programs are written to satisfy particular functions.
• Any new requirement needs a new program.
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Database
• Shared collection of logically related data (and a
description of this data), designed to meet the
information needs of an organization.

• System catalog (metadata) provides description of data

to enable program–data independence.

• Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and

relationships of an organization’s information.
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Database Approach
• Why database?
• Allow the storage of data in one place and eliminate
duplications.
• Allow the sharing of data.
• Data is stored in tables, which have rows and columns
like a spreadsheet. A database may have multiple
tables, where each table stores data about a different
thing.
• Each row in a table stores data about an occurrence
or instance of the thing of interest.
• A database stores data and relationships.
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Data in Tables (Relational

Database)

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The Key Characteristic of Databases:

Related Tables

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Example of Metadata
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Database Applications, the DBMS, and

SQL
• Database Applications are the computer programs that
users work with. A computer program that interacts with
database by issuing an appropriate request (SQL
statement) to the DBMS.
• The Database Management System (DBMS) creates,
processes, and administers databases.
• Structured Query Language (SQL) is an internationally
recognized standard database language that is used by
all commercial DBMSs.
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Database Applications and DBMS

Database Applications DBMS

• Create and process forms • Create database

• Process user queries • Create tables
• Create and process reports • Create supporting structures (e.g
• Execute application logic indexes)
• Control application • Read database data
• Modify (insert, update or delete)
database data
• Maintain database structures
• Enforce rules
• Control concurrency
• Provide security
• Perform backup and recovery

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Database Applications—Forms

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Database Applications—Queries

SELECT LastName, FirstName,

EmailAddress
FROM STUDENT
WHERE StudentNumber > 2;

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Database—Reports

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Database Management System (DBMS)

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Prominent DBMS Products

• Microsoft Access
• Microsoft SQL Server
• Microsoft SQL Server Express
• Oracle Database
• MySQL
• IBM DB2
• MongoDB
• MariaDB
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DBMS Power vs. Ease of Use

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Advantages of DBMSs
• Control of data redundancy
• Data consistency
• More information from the same amount of data
• Sharing of data
• Improved data integrity and security
• Enforcement of standards
• Improved data accessibility and responsiveness
• Increased productivity
• Improved maintenance through data independence
• Increased concurrency (enables multiple users and access)
• Improved backup and recovery services
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Disadvantages of DBMSs
• Complexity
• Size
• Cost of DBMS
• Additional hardware costs
• Cost of conversion
• Performance
• Higher impact of a failure
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Structured Query Language (SQL)

• An internationally recognized standard database
language that is used by all commercial DBMSs.
• Includes DDL and DML
• Data definition language (DDL).
• Permits specification of data types, structures and any data
constraints.
• All specifications are stored in the database.
• Data manipulation language (DML).
• General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.
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History of Database Systems

• First-generation
• Hierarchical and Network

• Second generation
• Relational

• Third generation
• Object-Relational
• Object-Oriented
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Hierarchical

Network
 KROENKE AND AUER - DATABASE PROCESSING, 15th
Edition © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Relational Database Model

• The dominant database model is the relational database
model—all current major DBMS products are based on it.
• It was created by IBM engineer E. F. Codd in 1970.
• It was based on mathematics called relational algebra.
• This course covers relational database only.

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 KROENKE AND AUER - DATABASE PROCESSING, 15th
Edition © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Database Trends
• Big Data
• Data sets that are large or complex generated by Web applications and
Web 2.0 social networks.
• Encompasses unstructured, semi-structured and structured data.
• May use predictive analytics and/or user behavior analytics to extract value
from data.

What are some

examples of structured
and semi-structured
data?

Business Intelligence (BI)

Systems are used to analyze
current and past activities
and predict future events.

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Database Trends (Cont..)
• Data Warehouses
• A system used for reporting and data analysis, and a core component of
business intelligence.
• Central repositories of integrated data from one or more sources.
 KROENKE AND AUER - DATABASE PROCESSING, 15th
Edition © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter Exercise
• Chapter 1 reflection on Quizizz (to be briefed in class).

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END OF CHAPTER 1