BASIC FUNDAMENTALS :
Distributed Systems
Characterization and Design
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DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM TYPES
Fully
Control Distributed
ta
Da
Autonomous
fully cooperative
Local data,
Autonomous local directory
transaction based Not fully replicated
master directory
Master-slave Fully replicated
Homog. Homog.
special general Processors
purpose purpose
Heterog. Heterog.
special general 2
purpose purpose
WHAT IS A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM?
Definition: A distributed system is one in which components located
at networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions
only by passing messages. This definition leads to the following
characteristics of distributed systems:
Concurrency of components
Lack of a global ‘clock’
Independent failures of components
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CENTRALIZED SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
One component with non-autonomous parts
Component shared by users all the time
All resources accessible
Software runs in a single process
Single point of control
Single point of failure
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DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
Multiple autonomous components
Components are not shared by all users
Resources may not be accessible
Software runs in concurrent processes on different processors
Multiple points of control
Multiple points of failure
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EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Local Area Network and Intranet
Database Management System
Automatic Teller Machine Network
Internet/World-Wide Web
Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing
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LOCAL AREA NETWORK
email server Desktop
computers
print and other servers
Local area
Web server network
email server
print
File server
other servers
the rest of
the Internet
router/firewall
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DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
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AUTOMATIC TELLER MACHINE NETWORK
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INTERNET
intranet
ISP
backbone
satellite link
desktop computer:
server:
network link:
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WORLD-WIDE-WEB
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WEB SERVERS AND WEB BROWSERS
http://www.google.comlsearch?q=lyu
www.google.com
Browsers
Web servers
www.uu.se Internet
http://www.uu.se/
www.w3c.org
File system of http://www.w3c.org/Protocols/Activity.html
www.w3c.org Protocols
Activity.html
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MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING
Internet
Host intranet GSM/GPRS
Wireless LAN gateway Home intranet
Mobile
phone
Printer Laptop
Camera Host site
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COMMON CHARACTERISTICS - DS
What are we trying to achieve when we construct a distributed system?
Certain common characteristics can be used to assess distributed
systems
Heterogeneity
Openness
Security
Scalability
Failure Handling
Concurrency
Transparency
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1.HETEROGENEITY
Variety and differences in
Networks
Computer hardware
Operating systems
Programming languages
Implementations by different developers
Middleware as software layers to provide a programming abstraction as
well as masking the heterogeneity of the underlying networks, hardware,
OS, and programming languages (e.g., CORBA).
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2.OPENNESS
Openness is concerned with extensions and improvements of
distributed systems.
Detailed interfaces of components need to be published.
New components have to be integrated with existing
components.
Differences in data representation of interface types on
different processors (of different vendors) have to be
resolved.
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3 SECURITY
In a distributed system, clients send requests to access data
managed by servers, resources in the networks:
Doctors requesting records from hospitals
Users purchase products through electronic commerce
Security is required for:
Concealing the contents of messages: security and privacy
Identifying a remote user or other agent correctly (authentication)
New challenges:
Denial of service attack
Security of mobile code
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4 SCALABILITY
Adaptation of distributed systems to
accommodate more users
respond faster (this is the hard one)
Usually done by adding more and/or faster processors.
Components should not need to be changed when scale of a
system increases.
Design components to be scalable!
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5 FAILURE HANDLING (FAULT
TOLERANCE)
Hardware and networks fail! and software will never fail, it
will mislead the functionality.
Distributed systems must maintain availability even at low
levels of hardware/software/network reliability.
Fault tolerance is achieved by
recovery
redundancy
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6 CONCURRENCY
Components in distributed systems are executed in concurrent
processes.
Components access and update shared resources (e.g.
variables, databases, device drivers).
Integrity of the system may be violated if concurrent updates
are not coordinated.
Lostupdates
Inconsistent analysis
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7 TRANSPARENCY
Distributed systems should be perceived by users and
application programmers as a whole rather than as a
collection of cooperating components.
Transparency has different aspects.
These represent various properties that distributed systems
should have.
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BASIC DESIGN ISSUES - DS
General software engineering principles include rigor
and formality, separation of concerns, modularity,
abstraction, anticipation of change.
Specific issues for distributed systems:
Naming
Communication
Software structure
System architecture
Workload allocation
Consistency maintenance
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SOFTWARE STRUCTURE
Layers and dependencies in distributed systems:
Applications
Open
Distributed programming services
support
Open system kernel services
Computer and network hardware
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4.4 SYSTEM ARCHITECTURES
Client-Server
Peer-to-Peer
Services provided by multiple servers
Proxy servers and caches
Mobile code and mobile agents
Network computers
Thin clients and mobile devices
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4.4.1 CLIENTS INVOKE INDIVIDUAL
SERVERS
Client invocation invocation Server
result result
Server
Client
Key:
Process: Computer:
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4.4.2 PEER-TO-PEER SYSTEMS
Peer 2
Peer 1
Application
Application
Sharable Peer 3
objects
Application
Peer 4
Application
Peers 5 .... N
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4.4.3 A SERVICE BY MULTIPLE SERVERS
Service
Server
Client
Server
Client
Server
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4.4.4 WEB PROXY SERVER
Client Web
server
Proxy
server
Client Web
server
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4.4.5 WEB APPLETS
a) client request results in the downloading of applet code
Client Web
Applet code server
b) client interacts with the applet
Web
Client Applet server
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4.4.6 THIN CLIENTS AND COMPUTE
SERVERS
Compute server
Network computer or PC
Thin network Application
Client Process
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5. SUMMARY
Definitions of distributed systems and comparisons to centralized
systems.
The characteristics of distributed systems.
The eight forms of transparency.
The basic design issues.
Read Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 of the textbook.
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