Information
Revolution
Prepared by:
Vasquez, Joan
Villasante, Leymart
4 Cradles of Early Science
01 Mesoamerican 02 Middle East
03 Asia 04 Africa
Development of Science in
Mesoamerican
- includes the entire area of central America
from Southern Mexico up to the South of
America
- rich in culture and knowledge prior to the
arrival of its European Colonizers
3 Civilization of Mesoamerican
1. Mayan Civilization
- one of the most famous civilization that lasted for
approximately 2000 years. These people are known
for their works in astronomy.
- they incorporated their advanced understanding of
astronomy into their temples in other religious
structure.
Pyramid of Chichen Itza
Chichen Itza was a large pre-Columbian
city built by the Maya people of the
Terminal Classic period. The archaeological
site is located in Tinúm
Municipality,Yucatán State, Mexico.
- "Chichen Itza" means "At the mouth of the
well of theItza." This derives from chi',
meaning "mouth" or"edge," and ch'en or
ch'e'en, meaning "well. "Itzá is the name of
an ethnic-line age group that gained
political and economic dominance of the
northern peninsula.
Contributions:
- the Mayan are also known for measuring time using two
complicated calendar system.
● Tzolkin ( divine calendar )
● Haab ( civil calendar )
- also developed the technology for growing different crops
and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and
tools.
- they built hydraulics system with sophisticated
waterways.
- the Mayans built looms for weaving cloth and devised a
rainbow of glittery paints made from mineral called mica.
- they are also famous as one of the world’s civilization to
use a writing system known as the Mayan heiroglyphics.
- they are also believed to be one of the first people to
produce rubber products 3000 years before Goodyear
received its patent in 1844.
- they are also skilled in mathematics and created a number
sytem based on the numeral 20.
2. Inca Civilization
- also famous in Mesoamerica, the Incas made advanced
scientific ideas considering their limitations as an old civilization.
• roads paved • stones building that
sormounted earthquakes and
with stones other disaster
• irrigation system and
technique for storing • calendar with 12 months
water
• the first suspension • Inca textiles
bridge • Quipu
3. Aztec Civilization
- has also made sustantial contributions to science
and technology to the society.
Some of their contributions are the following:
• Mandatory Education
• Chocolates
• Antispasmodic Medication
• Chinampa
• Aztec Calendar
• Invention of Canoe
Development of Science in Middle East
- Muslims scientists put a greater value on science experiments rather
than plain thought experiments which led to the development of the
scientific method in the Muslim world.
- Ibn al-Haytham, is also regarded as the Father of Optics.
- Muhammad Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, gave his name to the concept of
algorithm while algebra derived from al-jabr.
- Jabir Ibn Hayyan, the Father of Chemistry
- Ibn Sina, pioneered the science of experimental medicine and was the
first infectious diseases and the introduction of clinical pharmacology.
Book of Healing and The Canon Medicine, his two two most notable
works in medicine that used as standard medicinal texts both the
Muslim and in Europe during the 17th century.
Development of Science in Asia
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the
home of many Ancient civilizations. These
civilizations were incomparible in terms of their
contributions to the development of knowledge
during their time.
India
- The Indian creative developed various ideas and
techniques useful their in everyday lives. They discovered
somemedicinal properties of plantsthatled them
todevelop medicines to cure various illness. Some ancient
texts like the Susruta Samhita, describes different
surgical and other medical procedures famous in Ancient
India.
- Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy.
They developed theories on the configuration of the
universe, the spherical self supporting Easrth, and the
year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
- Ancient India is also known for
their mathematics. The earliest
traces of mathematicaknowledge in
the Indian subcontinent appeared
in the Indus Valley Civilization. The
people of this civilization tried to
standardize measurement of length
to a high degree of accuracy and
designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-
Daro ruler.
Mohenjo- Daro Ruler
China
- Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its neighbor
countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand,Cambodia,
Myanmar, and other countries that belong to the old Silk Road. The
Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of
experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They discovered
various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to
cure human illness. An example is the practice of acupuncture.
- In terms of technology, the Chinese are known to develop many tools.
Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilizations
were compass, papermaking, gunpowder, and printing tools that became
known in the West only by the end of the Midldle Ages.
They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow,and propeller,
among others. They developed a design of different models of bridges,
invented the first seismological detector, and developed dry dock facility.
- In the field of astronomy, the Chinese also made significant records on
supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully
recorded and preserved to understand better the heavenly bodies and
their effects to our world. They observed the heavenly bodies to
understand weather changes and seasons that may afect their daily
activities. They used lunar calendars, too.
- The Chinese are also known in seismology. This made them more
prepared in times of calamities.
Development of Science in Africa
Africa is blessed with natural and mineral resources.
Science is also emerged in this part of the planet long
before the Europeans colonized it. The history of science
and mathematics show that similar to other ancient
civilizations, the early civilizations in Africa are knowledge
producers, too. The development of geometry was a
product of necessity to preserve the layout and ownership
of farmlands of the Egyptians living along the Nile River.
The rules of geometry were developed and used to build
rectilinear structures, the post of lintel architectural of
Egypt.
The greatest structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early
dams built to divert water from the Nile River are some proofs of
their advanced civilization. These early science activities in
Egypt were developed to improve the quality of life of the
Egyptians especially in building their early homes and cities.
- Egypt was know to be a center of alchemy, which is known as
the medieval forerunner of chemistry. They tried to study human
anatomy and pharmacology, and applied important comonents
such as examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis for the
treatment of diseases.
- Astronomy was also famous in the African rregion. For instance, documents
show that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar, and stellar, or a
combination of the three.
- Mettallurgy was also known in the African religions during the ancient times.
North Africa and the Nile Valley imporyed iron technology from the Near East
region that enabled them to benefit from the developments during the Bronze
Age until the Iron Age. They invented metal tools used in their homes, in
agriculture, and in building their magnificient architectures.
-The Lebombo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South
Africa, which may jave been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple
mathematical calculation or a six-month lunar calendar,considered to be the
oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35,000BCE.
- Ancient Egyptians are good in the four fundamental mathematical
operations and other mathematical skills. They have knowledge of the
basic concepts of algebra and geometry. The Islamic regions in Africa
furing the medieval period was also benefiting from mathematical
learning, which is considered advanced during those times, such as
algebra, geometry and trigonometry.
Thank you!
