CMP - 270
Database Systems
for BS (IT)
Lecture 2:
Database Architecture and Components
Hareem Aslam
[email protected]
Punjab University College of Information Technology (PUCIT)
Importance of DBMS
• Makes data management more efficient and effective
• Query language allows quick answers to ad hoc queries
• Provides better access to more and better-managed data
• Promotes integrated view of organization’s operations
• Reduces the probability of inconsistent data
• Improved data sharing
• Improved data security
Why Database Design is Important
Database design focuses on design of database structure
used for end-user data
Designer must identify database’s expected use
Well-designed database:
Facilitates data management
Generates accurate and valuable information
Poorly designed database:
Causes difficult-to-trace errors
Database Systems
Database consists of logically related data stored in a
single repository
Provides advantages over file system management
approach
Eliminates data inconsistency (lack of data integrity), data
anomalies, data dependency, and structural dependency
problems
Stores data structures, relationships, and access paths
Database vs. File Systems
Database System Environment
Database System Environment
Hardware
System’s Physical devices
Computers
Peripherals
Network
Database System Environment
Software
Operating system: manages hardware components
DBMS: manages database
MS Access, SQL Server, Oracle, DB2
Application and utility software: support access and
manipulate data
Generate information for decision making
Help to manage database system
Database System Environment
People (five users)
System administrator: hardware system support
Database administrator: manage DBMS use
Database designer: design database structure
System analyst and programmers: implement application
programs
End users
Database System Environment
Procedures
Instruction and rule that govern the design and
use of the database system
Data
Types of Databases
Single-user database: Supports one user at a time
Desktop database: Runs on PC
Multiuser database: Supports multiple users at the
same time
Workgroup databases: Supports a small number of users or a
specific department
Enterprise database: Supports many users across many
departments
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Types of Databases
Centralized database: Data is located at a single site
Distributed database: Data is distributed across different
sites
Cloud database: Created and maintained using cloud data
services that provide defined performance measures for the
database
13
Types of Databases
General-purpose databases: Contains a wide variety of
data used in multiple disciplines
Discipline-specific databases: Contains data focused on
specific subject areas
14
Types of Databases
Operational database: Designed to support a company’s
day-to-day operations
Analytical database: Stores historical data and business
metrics used exclusively for tactical or strategic decision
making
Data warehouse: Stores data in a format optimized for decision
support
15
Types of Databases
Online analytical processing (OLAP)
Enable retrieving, processing, and modeling data from the data
warehouse
Business intelligence: Captures and processes business data
to generate information that support decision making
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DBMS Functions
Objective: Guarantee the integrity and consistency of data. It
has several functions:
DBMS Functions
Data dictionary management
• Data dictionary: Stores definitions of the data elements and their
relationships (metadata)
Data storage management
• Performance tuning: Ensures efficient performance of the database
in terms of storage and access speed
Data transformation and presentation
• Transforms entered data to conform to required data structures
Security management
• Enforces user security and data privacy
DBMS Functions
Multiuser access control
• Sophisticated algorithms ensure that multiple users can access
the database concurrently without compromising its integrity
Backup and recovery management
• Enables recovery of the database after a failure
Data integrity management
• Minimizes redundancy and maximizes consistency
DBMS Functions
Database access languages and application programming
interfaces
• Query language: Lets the user specify what must be done without
having to specify how
• Structured Query Language (SQL): De facto query language and
data access standard supported by the majority of DBMS vendors
Database communication interfaces
• Accept end-user requests via multiple, different network
environments
Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
SPARC
Standards Planning and Requirements Committee
1975
Proposed a framework for DBS
Three-Level ANSI-SPARC Architecture
External level (Database Users)
Provide a view of the database tailored to a user
Data gathering
Conceptual level (Database Designer)
Deals with the organization of data as a whole
Constraints and security
Entity-relationship diagram
Normalization
Internal level (System Designer)
Deal with physical storage of data
Storage, index, compression, & encryption
File organization
Database Schemas
The overall description of the database is called the database
schema.
Database schema (intension) & database instance
(extension)
External schemas (subschema)
Conceptual schema (database schema)
Internal schema
Mapping
Translate information from one level to the next
External/conceptual mapping
Conceptual/internal mapping
Provide data independence
Data Independence
upper levels are unaffected by changes to lower levels.
Logical data independence
Conceptual level changed shouldn’t affect external levels
Physical data independence
Change to internal level shouldn’t affect conceptual level
Database Languages
Data Definition Language (DDL)
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Procedural DML
Non-procedural DML
Structured Query Language (SQL)
Query-by-Example (QBE)
Fourth-Generation Language
Form, report, graphics, & application generators
Textbook
Carlos Coronel, Steve Morris, “Database Systems” Design, Implementation,
Management, 12th Ed. Course Technology, 2016”.
Reference book
C. J. DATES “Database Management Systems”8”
M. TAIMER “Distributed Database Management Systems” 2nd Edition
Fred R. McFadden, Jeffrey Hoffer, “Modern Database Management ”
Design, Implementation, Management, 5th Edition, ISBN 0-201-47432-x
